{ "name": "在庫管理用語集（日英中）", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ja", "attribution": "株式会社サオス InventoryAX（https://inventoryax.com/terms/）", "source": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/", "count": 421, "note": "type が entry の語は短い三言語の用語ページ、article の語は詳しい日本語の解説記事つきの用語です。日本語の釈義は記事の要約文、英語・中国語の釈義は要点の短い説明です。", "terms": [ { "id": "inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory", "zh": "库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫は、将来の生産・販売・保守に使うために企業が保有している物の総称で、原材料・部品・仕掛品・製品などを含みます。製造業では需要と供給の時間差や量の差を吸収する緩衝として働く一方、保有すれば資金と保管場所を拘束するため、量を計算式と目的で説明できる状態に保つことが管理の出発点になります。", "en": "A general term for goods a company holds for future production, sales or maintenance, including raw materials, parts, work in process and finished goods. It buffers timing and volume gaps between supply and demand but ties up cash and space.", "zh": "企业为将来的生产、销售或维护而持有的物品总称，包括原材料、零部件、在制品和成品等。在制造业中用于缓冲供需在时间和数量上的差异，但同时占用资金和仓储空间。" }, "related": [ "raw-materials", "purchased-parts", "work-in-process", "finished-goods-inventory", "inventories-asset" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory" }, { "id": "raw-materials", "type": "entry", "ja": "原材料", "abbr": null, "en": "Raw Materials", "zh": "原材料", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "原材料は、製造工程に投入される前の素材で、鋼材・樹脂ペレット・薬品・紙などのように加工によって形や性質が変わるものを指します。製造業では調達リードタイムが長い品目や相場で価格が動く品目が多く、在庫量の判断には生産計画と購買条件の両方を見る必要があります。", "en": "Materials not yet put into production, such as steel, resin pellets, chemicals or paper, whose form or properties change through processing. Stock levels depend on both the production plan and purchasing terms.", "zh": "尚未投入生产工序的材料，如钢材、树脂颗粒、化学品、纸张等，经加工后形态或性质会发生变化。其库存量需要结合生产计划和采购条件来判断。" }, "related": [ "inventory", "purchased-parts", "material-cost" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/raw-materials" }, { "id": "purchased-parts", "type": "entry", "ja": "部品／購入部品", "abbr": null, "en": "Purchased Parts", "zh": "零部件", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "部品は、製品に組み付けられる構成要素のうち、そのままの形で使われるものを指し、外部から買うものを購入部品と呼びます。組立型の製造業では一つの製品に数百から数千点の部品が使われ、一点でも欠けると組立が止まるため、品目数の多さと欠品の影響の大きさが管理の難しさにつながります。", "en": "Components assembled into a product in their existing form; those bought from outside suppliers are called purchased parts. In assembly industries a single missing part can halt production, so part count and shortage impact drive management effort.", "zh": "装配到产品中、以原有形态使用的构成要素，从外部采购的称为外购件。在装配型制造业中，一个产品可能使用成百上千个零部件，缺少任何一个都会导致装配停止。" }, "related": [ "raw-materials", "inventory", "stockout", "stock-keeping-unit" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/purchased-parts" }, { "id": "work-in-process", "type": "entry", "ja": "仕掛品", "abbr": "WIP", "en": "Work in Process", "zh": "在制品", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "仕掛品は、製造工程に投入されたものの、まだ完成していない途中段階の品物です。工程の滞留や段取り待ちで増えやすく、量が多いほどリードタイムが延びるため、工程ごとの数量と滞留時間を把握することが生産の流れを改善する手がかりになります。会計上は棚卸資産として材料費と加工費を積み上げて評価します。", "en": "Items that have entered production but are not yet complete. WIP grows with queues and setup waits and lengthens lead time; for accounting it is valued as an inventory asset including material and conversion costs.", "zh": "已投入生产工序但尚未完工的中间状态物品。工序滞留和换线等待容易使其增加，数量越多交货周期越长。会计上作为存货资产，按材料费和加工费累计计价。" }, "related": [ "semi-finished-goods", "inventories-asset", "manufacturing-cost" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/work-in-process" }, { "id": "semi-finished-goods", "type": "entry", "ja": "半製品", "abbr": null, "en": "Semi-Finished Goods", "zh": "半成品", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "半製品は、ある工程までの加工が完了し、それ自体を保管したり外部へ販売したりできる状態にある中間品です。工程の途中に置かれて流れ続ける仕掛品とは異なり、在庫として一度区切って管理されるのが特徴で、複数の製品に共通する中間品を半製品で持つと最終製品の品種変化に素早く対応できます。", "en": "An intermediate product that has completed certain processes and can be stored or sold on its own. Unlike WIP flowing through the line, it is held as a distinct stock point, and holding common intermediates enables quick response to product mix changes.", "zh": "完成部分工序加工、本身可以保管或对外销售的中间产品。与在工序中流动的在制品不同，它作为独立的库存点管理，持有通用半成品有助于快速应对最终产品品种变化。" }, "related": [ "work-in-process", "finished-goods-inventory", "decoupling-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/semi-finished-goods" }, { "id": "finished-goods-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "製品在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Finished Goods Inventory", "zh": "成品库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "製品在庫は、すべての工程を終えて出荷できる状態になった完成品の在庫です。見込み生産では需要予測の誤差を吸収する役割を担う一方、売れ残れば陳腐化や評価損の原因になるため、品目別の在庫日数や滞留状況を定期的に確認する運用が欠かせません。", "en": "Stock of completed products ready for shipment. In make-to-stock operations it absorbs forecast error, but unsold units risk obsolescence and write-downs, so days of supply and aging should be reviewed regularly.", "zh": "已完成全部工序、可以出货的成品库存。在备货型生产中用于吸收需求预测误差，但滞销会导致陈旧化和减值，需要定期检查各品目的库存天数和滞留情况。" }, "related": [ "inventory", "anticipation-inventory", "obsolete-inventory", "days-of-supply" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/finished-goods-inventory" }, { "id": "spare-parts-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "保守部品", "abbr": null, "en": "Spare Parts Inventory", "zh": "备品备件", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "保守部品は、設備の修理や販売済み製品のアフターサービスに備えて保有する交換用部品です。出庫頻度が低く不規則なうえ、欠けると設備停止や顧客対応の遅れにつながるため、回転率だけで評価すると必要な品目まで削られがちで、停止損失との比較で持つべき量を決めます。", "en": "Replacement parts held for equipment repair or after-sales service. Demand is low and irregular while shortages cause downtime, so stock levels are set against downtime losses rather than turnover alone.", "zh": "为设备维修或已售产品售后服务而持有的替换零件。出库频率低且不规则，但缺货会导致设备停机或服务延误，因此应结合停机损失而非仅凭周转率来确定持有量。" }, "related": [ "inventory", "slow-moving-inventory", "xyz-analysis" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/spare-parts-inventory" }, { "id": "inventory-turnover", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫回転率", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Turnover", "zh": "库存周转率", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫回転率は、一定期間に在庫が何回入れ替わったかを示す指標で、在庫回転率＝売上原価÷平均在庫（金額）で求めます。値が大きいほど少ない在庫で売上を回していることを意味し、製造業では品目群や工場ごとに算出して過剰在庫の兆候をつかむのに使います。数量ベースで出庫数÷平均在庫数量とする場合もあります。", "en": "A measure of how many times inventory is replaced in a period: cost of goods sold divided by average inventory value. Higher values mean sales are supported with less stock; a quantity basis (issues ÷ average quantity) is also used.", "zh": "表示一定期间内库存更替次数的指标，计算方式为销售成本除以平均库存金额。数值越高表示以越少的库存支撑销售，也可按数量计算，即出库数量除以平均库存数量。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover-days", "average-inventory", "cost-of-goods-sold", "inventory-turnover-ratio-financial" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-turnover" }, { "id": "inventory-turnover-days", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫回転日数", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Turnover Days", "zh": "库存周转天数", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫回転日数は、平均在庫が何日分の消費や出荷に相当するかを表す指標で、在庫回転日数＝平均在庫÷1日あたり売上原価（または365÷在庫回転率）で求めます。回転率より直感的に理解しやすいため、製造現場や経営会議では日数で目標を置くことが多く、過去実績に基づく値である点に注意が必要です。", "en": "How many days of consumption or shipments the average inventory represents: average inventory ÷ daily cost of goods sold, or 365 ÷ inventory turnover. It is intuitive for target setting but reflects past performance.", "zh": "表示平均库存相当于多少天消耗或出货量的指标，计算方式为平均库存除以每日销售成本，或365除以库存周转率。比周转率更直观，但反映的是历史实绩。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover", "days-of-supply", "days-inventory-outstanding", "months-of-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-turnover-days" }, { "id": "days-of-supply", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫日数", "abbr": null, "en": "Days of Supply", "zh": "库存可用天数", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫日数は、現在の在庫で今後何日分の需要をまかなえるかを示す指標で、在庫日数＝現在庫÷1日あたりの予定消費量（または需要予測）で求めます。過去の売上原価を使う回転日数と違い、これからの計画に対する余裕を表すため、生産計画の調整や発注判断の場面で品目別に確認されます。", "en": "How many days of future demand current stock can cover: on-hand inventory ÷ planned daily usage or forecast. Unlike turnover days, it looks forward and is checked item by item for planning and ordering decisions.", "zh": "表示现有库存可以满足今后多少天需求的指标，计算方式为现有库存除以每日计划消耗量或预测需求。与基于历史的周转天数不同，它面向未来，常按品目用于计划调整和订货判断。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover-days", "months-of-inventory", "on-hand-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/days-of-supply" }, { "id": "months-of-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫月数", "abbr": null, "en": "Months of Inventory", "zh": "库存月数", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫月数は、保有在庫が何か月分の売上や出荷に相当するかを示す指標で、在庫月数＝在庫金額÷月平均売上原価で求めます。日数より粗い単位のため、経営層への報告や事業部間の比較に使われることが多く、製造業では「適正は1.5か月」のように月数で在庫目標を表す慣行があります。", "en": "How many months of sales or shipments inventory represents: inventory value ÷ average monthly cost of goods sold. Its coarser unit suits management reporting and cross-division comparison.", "zh": "表示所持库存相当于几个月销售或出货量的指标，计算方式为库存金额除以月均销售成本。单位较粗，常用于向管理层汇报和事业部间比较。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover-days", "days-of-supply", "inventory-value" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/months-of-inventory" }, { "id": "optimal-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "適正在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Optimal Inventory Level", "zh": "合理库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "適正在庫は、欠品を許容範囲に抑えつつ、保有コストを過大にしない在庫量のことです。単一の数字ではなく、需要のばらつき・補充リードタイム・発注単位・目標サービス水準から品目ごとに計算される幅として捉えるのが実務的で、計算の前提を明示しておくと見直しの議論がしやすくなります。", "en": "The stock level that keeps shortages within acceptable limits without excessive carrying cost. In practice it is a range calculated per item from demand variability, lead time, order quantity and target service level.", "zh": "在将缺货控制在可接受范围内的同时不使持有成本过高的库存量。实际上它不是单一数字，而是根据需求波动、补货周期、订货单位和目标服务水平按品目计算的区间。" }, "related": [ "excess-inventory", "stockout", "inventory-carrying-cost", "inventory-level" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/optimal-inventory" }, { "id": "excess-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "過剰在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Excess Inventory", "zh": "过剩库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "過剰在庫は、適正在庫の上限を超えて保有している在庫のことで、超過分＝現在庫－適正在庫上限として品目ごとに把握します。資金の固定化、保管スペースの圧迫、陳腐化や評価損のリスクを招くため、発生原因を需要予測の外れ・まとめ買い・計画変更などに分けて対策するのが一般的です。", "en": "Stock held above the upper limit of the optimal level, measured per item as on-hand minus that limit. It ties up cash and space and raises obsolescence risk, so causes are separated into forecast error, bulk buying and plan changes.", "zh": "超出合理库存上限而持有的库存，按品目以现有库存减去合理库存上限来把握。会导致资金占用、仓储压力以及陈旧化和减值风险，通常按预测偏差、批量采购、计划变更等原因分别应对。" }, "related": [ "optimal-inventory", "slow-moving-inventory", "dead-stock", "inventory-reduction" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/excess-inventory" }, { "id": "stockout", "type": "entry", "ja": "欠品", "abbr": null, "en": "Stockout", "zh": "缺货", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "欠品は、必要なときに必要な品目の在庫がなく、出荷や生産に使えない状態を指します。製造業では部品一点の欠品でライン全体が止まることがあり、販売機会の損失だけでなく、特急手配や段取り替えなどの追加コストも生むため、発生件数と影響金額の両面で記録しておくと在庫水準の議論に使えます。", "en": "A situation in which a required item is not available when needed for shipment or production. A single missing part can stop a line, causing lost sales and extra costs such as expediting, so both frequency and cost impact should be recorded.", "zh": "在需要时没有所需品目库存、无法用于出货或生产的状态。制造业中一个零件缺货就可能使整条生产线停止，不仅造成销售损失，还会产生加急采购等额外成本。" }, "related": [ "optimal-inventory", "available-inventory", "inventory-cost" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stockout" }, { "id": "dead-stock", "type": "entry", "ja": "死蔵在庫／不動在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Dead Stock", "zh": "呆滞库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "死蔵在庫は、一定期間まったく出庫がなく、今後も使われる見込みが乏しい在庫で、不動在庫とも呼ばれます。製造業では設計変更や機種切替で旧部品が残るケースが典型で、「最終出庫から12か月以上」のように基準日数を決めて抽出し、転用・売却・廃棄と会計上の評価損計上を判断します。", "en": "Stock with no issues for a defined period and little prospect of future use. Typical causes are design changes and model switches; items are extracted by a days-since-last-issue rule and then reused, sold or scrapped with write-downs.", "zh": "在一定期间内完全没有出库、今后也几乎不会使用的库存。制造业中常因设计变更或机型切换而产生，通常按最后出库后的天数标准提取，再决定转用、出售或报废及减值处理。" }, "related": [ "slow-moving-inventory", "obsolete-inventory", "inventory-aging", "inventory-write-down" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/dead-stock" }, { "id": "slow-moving-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "滞留在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Slow-Moving Inventory", "zh": "滞留库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "滞留在庫は、出庫はあるものの保有量に比べて動きが遅く、長期間倉庫にとどまっている在庫です。完全に動きのない死蔵在庫の手前の段階にあたり、在庫日数や在庫年齢が基準を超えた品目を定期的に一覧化して、発注の停止やロットサイズの見直しで早めに手を打つのが効果的です。", "en": "Stock that still moves but slowly relative to the quantity held, staying in storage for long periods. It precedes dead stock; items over a days-of-supply or age threshold are listed regularly so orders or lot sizes can be adjusted early.", "zh": "虽有出库但相对持有量流动缓慢、长期滞留在仓库中的库存，是呆滞库存的前一阶段。应定期列出库存天数或库龄超过标准的品目，及早停止订货或调整批量。" }, "related": [ "dead-stock", "inventory-aging", "excess-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/slow-moving-inventory" }, { "id": "available-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "有効在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Available Inventory", "zh": "有效库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "有効在庫は、手持ちの在庫に入荷予定を加え、引当済みの数量を差し引いた、今後の需要に実際に使える在庫量です。有効在庫＝手持在庫＋発注残（入荷予定）－引当済数量で求めるのが一般的で、発注点との比較や納期回答の基礎になるため、手持在庫だけを見るよりも判断を誤りにくくなります。", "en": "The quantity actually usable for future demand: on-hand stock plus scheduled receipts minus allocated quantities. It is the basis for reorder decisions and delivery promises.", "zh": "在手库存加上预计入库量、再减去已分配数量后，实际可用于今后需求的库存量。它是订货判断和交期答复的基础。" }, "related": [ "on-hand-inventory", "allocated-inventory", "unallocated-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/available-inventory" }, { "id": "unallocated-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "引当可能在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Unallocated Inventory", "zh": "可分配库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "引当可能在庫は、現時点で特定の受注や製造指図にまだ割り当てられておらず、新たな需要に引き当てられる在庫数量です。引当可能在庫＝手持在庫－引当済数量－保留在庫で求め、品質保留品や検査待ちを含めないことが重要で、受注時の即納可否の判断や部品の出庫準備に使われます。", "en": "Stock not yet assigned to any order or work order and therefore available for new demand: on-hand minus allocated minus held stock. It excludes quality-hold items and is used to judge immediate fulfillment.", "zh": "目前尚未分配给特定订单或生产指令、可分配给新需求的库存数量，计算方式为在手库存减去已分配数量和冻结库存。不应包含质量冻结品，常用于判断能否即时交货。" }, "related": [ "allocated-inventory", "available-inventory", "inventory-visibility" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/unallocated-inventory" }, { "id": "allocated-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "引当済在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Allocated Inventory", "zh": "已分配库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "引当済在庫は、手持在庫のうち特定の受注・出荷指示・製造指図のために確保され、他の用途に使えない状態にある数量です。物理的には棚に残っていても引当済みであれば使えないため、現品数と帳簿上の使用可能数がずれて見える原因になり、引当の解除漏れが滞留を生むこともあります。", "en": "On-hand quantity reserved for a specific order, shipment or work order and unavailable for other use. Although physically present, it is not usable, and unreleased allocations can create hidden stagnation.", "zh": "在手库存中已为特定订单、出货指示或生产指令预留、不能用于其他用途的数量。虽然实物仍在货架上但不可使用，若忘记解除分配也会造成滞留。" }, "related": [ "unallocated-inventory", "available-inventory", "on-hand-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/allocated-inventory" }, { "id": "on-hand-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "手持在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "On-Hand Inventory", "zh": "在手库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "手持在庫は、ある時点で自社の管理下にある倉庫や工程に物理的に存在している在庫数量で、実在庫とも呼ばれます。引当や入荷予定を加味しない最も基本的な数字であり、有効在庫や引当可能在庫の計算の起点になるため、帳簿の手持数と現品が一致しているかどうかがあらゆる指標の信頼性を左右します。", "en": "The quantity physically present in warehouses or processes under the company's control at a point in time. It is the starting point for available and unallocated inventory, so its accuracy underpins every other metric.", "zh": "某一时点实际存在于本公司管理下的仓库或工序中的库存数量。它不考虑分配和预计入库，是计算有效库存和可分配库存的起点。" }, "related": [ "available-inventory", "allocated-inventory", "company-owned-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/on-hand-inventory" }, { "id": "cycle-stock", "type": "entry", "ja": "サイクル在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Cycle Stock", "zh": "周期库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "サイクル在庫は、まとめて発注・生産することで生じる、次の補充までの間に消費されていく在庫部分です。補充が一定量で行われる場合、平均的なサイクル在庫＝1回の補充量÷2で概算でき、ロットサイズを小さくすれば減らせる反面、発注や段取りの回数が増えるというトレードオフがあります。", "en": "The portion of stock created by ordering or producing in batches and consumed until the next replenishment. Average cycle stock ≈ replenishment quantity ÷ 2; smaller lots reduce it but increase orders and setups.", "zh": "因批量订货或生产而产生、在下次补货前逐步消耗的库存部分。平均周期库存约等于每次补货量除以二，减小批量可降低周期库存，但会增加订货和换线次数。" }, "related": [ "average-inventory", "pipeline-inventory", "buffer-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cycle-stock" }, { "id": "pipeline-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "輸送中在庫／パイプライン在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Pipeline Inventory", "zh": "在途库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "パイプライン在庫は、拠点間の輸送中や工程間の移動中など、流れの途中にあって使えない状態の在庫で、輸送中在庫とも呼ばれます。平均的な量＝1日あたり流量×輸送日数で見積もることができ、海外調達で船便を使う場合などは日数が長く、所有権がどの時点で移るかによって自社の在庫金額にも影響します。", "en": "Stock in transit between sites or processes and not yet usable. Average quantity ≈ daily flow × transit days; long ocean shipments increase it, and the ownership transfer point determines whether it counts as the company's inventory.", "zh": "处于据点间运输或工序间移动途中、尚不能使用的库存。平均量约等于每日流量乘以运输天数，海运等长周期运输会使其增加，所有权转移时点决定是否计入本公司库存金额。" }, "related": [ "cycle-stock", "inventory-value", "company-owned-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/pipeline-inventory" }, { "id": "seasonal-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "季節在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Seasonal Inventory", "zh": "季节性库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "季節在庫は、需要が特定の季節に集中する製品について、生産能力を平準化するために閑散期から前倒しで作り置く在庫です。空調機器や農業資材などで典型的に見られ、ピーク時の残業や設備増強のコストと、作り置きによる保有コストや売れ残りリスクを比較して積み増し量を決めます。", "en": "Stock built ahead during off-peak periods to level production for products with seasonal demand. The build-up is set by comparing peak overtime or capacity costs with carrying costs and unsold risk.", "zh": "针对需求集中于特定季节的产品，为均衡生产能力而在淡季提前生产储备的库存。需要比较旺季加班或扩产成本与持有成本及滞销风险来决定储备量。" }, "related": [ "anticipation-inventory", "inventory-carrying-cost", "finished-goods-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/seasonal-inventory" }, { "id": "anticipation-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "見込み在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Anticipation Inventory", "zh": "预期库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "見込み在庫は、受注が確定する前に、予測される需要やイベントに備えてあらかじめ持つ在庫です。販促キャンペーン、新製品の立ち上げ、工場の定期停止などが典型的な理由で、目的と消化予定時期を記録しておかないと、イベント後に残った分が過剰在庫として見えなくなりやすい点に注意が必要です。", "en": "Stock held in advance of confirmed orders to prepare for expected demand or events such as promotions, product launches or planned shutdowns. Recording its purpose and planned consumption date prevents leftovers from becoming hidden excess.", "zh": "在订单确定之前，为应对预期需求或活动而预先持有的库存，典型原因包括促销、新品上市和工厂计划停产等。应记录其目的和预定消化时间，以免活动后剩余部分成为隐性过剩库存。" }, "related": [ "seasonal-inventory", "speculative-inventory", "excess-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/anticipation-inventory" }, { "id": "speculative-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "投機在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Speculative Inventory", "zh": "投机性库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "投機在庫は、原材料の値上がりや供給逼迫を見越して、通常の必要量を超えて買い増す在庫です。半導体や金属材料の不足局面で多く見られ、相場が想定どおりに動けば調達コストを抑えられる一方、外れた場合は評価損や長期滞留を招くため、購買部門と経営で判断基準と上限を決めておくことが求められます。", "en": "Stock bought beyond normal requirements in anticipation of price increases or supply shortages. It can lower procurement cost if the market moves as expected, but otherwise causes write-downs, so limits should be agreed with management.", "zh": "预计原材料涨价或供应紧张而超出正常需要量追加采购的库存。行情按预期变化时可降低采购成本，否则会造成减值或长期滞留，因此需由采购部门与经营层事先确定判断标准和上限。" }, "related": [ "anticipation-inventory", "excess-inventory", "inventory-write-down" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/speculative-inventory" }, { "id": "decoupling-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "デカップリング在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Decoupling Inventory", "zh": "解耦库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "デカップリング在庫は、前後の工程や拠点を切り離し、一方の停止や変動が他方にそのまま伝わらないようにするために置く在庫です。能力や稼働時間が異なる工程の間、あるいは見込み生産と受注生産の境目に配置されることが多く、置く場所を戦略的に選ぶことで全体の在庫を増やさずにリードタイムを短縮できます。", "en": "Stock placed between processes or sites so that stoppages or fluctuations in one do not propagate to the other. Often located between processes with different capacities or at the make-to-stock / make-to-order boundary.", "zh": "为隔离前后工序或据点、避免一方的停止或波动直接传导到另一方而设置的库存。常配置在能力或作业时间不同的工序之间，或备货生产与订单生产的分界点。" }, "related": [ "buffer-inventory", "work-in-process", "semi-finished-goods" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/decoupling-inventory" }, { "id": "buffer-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "バッファ在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Buffer Inventory", "zh": "缓冲库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "バッファ在庫は、需要・供給・工程のばらつきや不確実性を吸収するために意図的に置く在庫の総称です。どのばらつきに備えるのかを明確にしないまま積み増すと、単なる過剰在庫と区別できなくなるため、製造業では対象とする変動要因と想定する量の根拠をセットで管理することが推奨されます。", "en": "A general term for stock deliberately held to absorb variability and uncertainty in demand, supply or processes. Without a clear statement of which variability it covers, it becomes indistinguishable from excess stock.", "zh": "为吸收需求、供应或工序的波动与不确定性而有意设置的库存的总称。若不明确所应对的波动因素就随意增加，将无法与单纯的过剩库存区分。" }, "related": [ "decoupling-inventory", "cycle-stock", "optimal-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/buffer-inventory" }, { "id": "abc-analysis", "type": "entry", "ja": "ABC分析", "abbr": null, "en": "ABC Analysis", "zh": "ABC分析", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "ABC分析は、品目を年間使用金額や出荷金額の大きい順に並べ、累積構成比によってA・B・Cの三つのグループに分ける手法です。たとえば累積70％までをA、90％までをB、残りをCとし、A品目は高頻度で精密に、C品目は簡便な方法で管理するといった具合に、管理の手間を重要度に応じて配分します。", "en": "A method that ranks items by annual usage or sales value and splits them into A, B and C groups by cumulative share, e.g. A up to 70%, B up to 90%. Management effort is then allocated according to importance.", "zh": "按年度使用金额或出货金额从大到小排列品目，并根据累计构成比将其分为A、B、C三组的方法，例如累计70%以内为A类、90%以内为B类。据此按重要程度分配管理精力。" }, "related": [ "pareto-principle", "xyz-analysis", "inventory-value" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/abc-analysis" }, { "id": "xyz-analysis", "type": "entry", "ja": "XYZ分析", "abbr": null, "en": "XYZ Analysis", "zh": "XYZ分析", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "XYZ分析は、品目を需要の変動の大きさで分類する手法で、変動係数＝需要の標準偏差÷平均需要の小さい順にX・Y・Zと区分します。金額で分けるABC分析と組み合わせて9区分のマトリクスにすると、需要が安定した重要品目は自動補充、変動の大きい品目は個別判断というように管理方式を選び分けやすくなります。", "en": "A method that classifies items by demand variability using the coefficient of variation (standard deviation ÷ mean demand) into X, Y and Z. Combined with ABC analysis into a 3×3 matrix, it helps choose a control policy for each segment.", "zh": "按需求波动大小对品目进行分类的方法，以变异系数（需求标准差除以平均需求）从小到大分为X、Y、Z类。与按金额划分的ABC分析组合成九宫格，便于为各类选择管理方式。" }, "related": [ "abc-analysis", "pareto-principle", "spare-parts-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/xyz-analysis" }, { "id": "pareto-principle", "type": "entry", "ja": "パレートの法則", "abbr": null, "en": "Pareto Principle", "zh": "帕累托法则", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "パレートの法則は、全体の結果の大部分が少数の要因によって生み出されるという経験則で、「2割の品目が8割の金額を占める」といった形で語られます。在庫管理ではABC分析の考え方の土台になっており、累積構成比をグラフにしたパレート図で偏りの度合いを確かめてから区分の境界を決めるのが一般的です。", "en": "An empirical rule that most results come from a small number of causes, often phrased as 20% of items accounting for 80% of value. It underlies ABC analysis, and a Pareto chart of cumulative share is used to set class boundaries.", "zh": "大部分结果由少数因素产生的经验法则，常表述为两成品目占八成金额。它是ABC分析的基础，通常先用累计构成比的帕累托图确认集中程度，再确定分类界限。" }, "related": [ "abc-analysis", "xyz-analysis" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/pareto-principle" }, { "id": "inventory-kpi", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫KPI", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory KPIs", "zh": "库存KPI", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫KPIは、在庫の量・効率・健全性を継続的に評価するための重要業績評価指標の総称で、在庫金額、在庫回転日数、欠品率、滞留在庫比率などが代表例です。量を減らす指標と欠品を防ぐ指標は互いに逆方向に働くため、製造業では片方だけを目標にせず、両者を組にして部門横断で追うことが重要です。", "en": "Key performance indicators that track inventory volume, efficiency and health, such as inventory value, turnover days, stockout rate and slow-moving ratio. Reduction and availability metrics pull in opposite directions, so they should be tracked as a pair.", "zh": "持续评估库存数量、效率和健康状况的关键绩效指标总称，代表性指标包括库存金额、周转天数、缺货率和滞留库存比例等。减少库存与防止缺货的指标方向相反，应成对跟踪。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover", "inventory-value", "stockout", "inventory-visibility" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-kpi" }, { "id": "inventory-value", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫金額", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Value", "zh": "库存金额", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫金額は、保有している在庫を金額に換算した値で、在庫金額＝Σ（品目ごとの数量×単価）で求めます。単価に標準原価・移動平均・最終仕入値のどれを使うかで同じ数量でも金額が変わるため、管理会計と財務会計で数字が一致しない原因になりやすく、報告の際には評価方法を併記しておくべきです。", "en": "The monetary value of stock held: Σ (quantity × unit cost) per item. The figure varies with the unit cost basis (standard, moving average, last purchase), so the valuation method should always be stated.", "zh": "将所持库存换算为金额的数值，计算方式为各品目数量乘以单价之和。单价采用标准成本、移动平均或最新进价会导致金额不同，因此报告时应注明计价方法。" }, "related": [ "inventory-valuation", "standard-cost", "inventory-kpi", "abc-analysis" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-value" }, { "id": "inventory-carrying-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫保有コスト", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Carrying Cost", "zh": "库存持有成本", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫保有コストは、在庫を持ち続けることで発生する費用で、資金の機会費用、保管・荷役費、保険料、陳腐化や減耗による損失などで構成されます。年間保有コスト＝平均在庫金額×保有コスト率で表し、保有コスト率は業種にもよりますが年15〜30％程度と見積もられることが多く、在庫削減効果の金額換算に使います。", "en": "Costs incurred by holding stock, including the opportunity cost of capital, storage and handling, insurance, and obsolescence or shrinkage losses. Annual carrying cost = average inventory value × carrying cost rate, often estimated at 15–30% per year.", "zh": "因持续持有库存而产生的费用，包括资金机会成本、仓储搬运费、保险费以及陈旧化和损耗损失。年持有成本等于平均库存金额乘以持有成本率，该比率通常估计为每年15%至30%。" }, "related": [ "inventory-cost", "cost-of-capital", "average-inventory", "optimal-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-carrying-cost" }, { "id": "inventory-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫コスト", "abbr": null, "en": "Total Inventory Cost", "zh": "库存总成本", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫コストは、在庫にかかわる費用全体を指す言葉で、一般に発注・段取りにかかる費用、在庫保有コスト、欠品による損失の三つに分けて考えます。総在庫コスト＝発注費用＋保有コスト＋欠品コストとして捉えると、在庫を減らせば保有コストは下がるが欠品や発注回数が増えるという関係が整理でき、最適な水準の検討に役立ちます。", "en": "All costs related to inventory, usually split into ordering or setup cost, carrying cost and shortage cost. Viewing total cost as their sum clarifies the trade-off that cutting stock lowers carrying cost but raises shortage and ordering costs.", "zh": "与库存相关的全部费用，一般分为订货或换线费用、持有成本和缺货损失三部分。将总成本视为三者之和，可以理清减少库存会降低持有成本但增加缺货和订货成本的权衡关系。" }, "related": [ "inventory-carrying-cost", "stockout", "optimal-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-cost" }, { "id": "gmroi", "type": "entry", "ja": "GMROI", "abbr": "GMROI", "en": "Gross Margin Return on Inventory Investment", "zh": "库存投资毛利回报率", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "GMROIは、在庫に投じた資金がどれだけの粗利益を生んだかを示す指標で、GMROI＝粗利益÷平均在庫金額（原価）で求めます。回転率が高くても粗利が薄ければ値は伸びないため、回転と利益率を一つの数字で評価でき、製造業では補修部品や商品販売の品目群ごとの在庫配分を見直す際に用いられます。", "en": "A measure of gross profit generated per unit of inventory investment: gross margin ÷ average inventory at cost. It combines turnover and margin in one figure and is used to review stock allocation across product groups.", "zh": "表示投入库存的资金产生了多少毛利的指标，计算方式为毛利除以平均库存成本金额。它将周转与利润率合并为一个数值，常用于按产品群重新分配库存。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover", "average-inventory", "inventory-value" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gmroi" }, { "id": "inventory-visibility", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫の見える化", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Visibility", "zh": "库存可视化", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫の見える化は、拠点・工程・状態ごとの在庫量や推移を、関係者が同じ数字で随時確認できるようにする取り組みです。製造業では倉庫の在庫、工程内の仕掛品、輸送中在庫が別々のシステムに記録されていることが多く、品目コードや単位をそろえてデータを統合することが、見える化の実質的な作業の大半を占めます。", "en": "Making stock levels and trends by site, process and status available to all stakeholders as the same numbers at any time. Most of the real work lies in integrating warehouse, WIP and in-transit data with consistent item codes and units.", "zh": "使相关人员能随时以同一数据确认各据点、工序和状态下库存量及其变化的工作。制造业中仓库库存、在制品和在途库存往往记录在不同系统中，统一品目编码和单位以整合数据是其主要工作。" }, "related": [ "inventory-kpi", "inventory-imbalance" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-visibility" }, { "id": "consignment-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "委託在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Consignment Inventory", "zh": "寄售库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "委託在庫は、所有権を供給側に残したまま相手先の拠点に置かれ、使用または販売された時点で売買が成立する在庫です。製造業では部品メーカーが顧客工場内に部品を置き、使った分だけ月次で請求する形が典型で、どちらの帳簿に載るかを契約で明確にし、消費実績の報告方法を取り決めておく必要があります。", "en": "Stock placed at the customer's site while ownership remains with the supplier; the sale occurs when it is used or sold. Contracts must specify whose books carry it and how consumption is reported.", "zh": "所有权仍归供应方、放置在对方据点、在使用或销售时才成立买卖的库存。制造业中常见零部件厂商将零件放在客户工厂、按实际使用量按月结算，需在合同中明确入账方和消耗报告方式。" }, "related": [ "deposited-inventory", "company-owned-inventory", "customer-owned-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/consignment-inventory" }, { "id": "deposited-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "預託在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Held at Third Parties", "zh": "外部寄存库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "預託在庫は、自社が所有権を持ったまま、外部倉庫・加工先・顧客などの他社拠点に預けている在庫です。自社の帳簿上の在庫でありながら現品は手元にないため、預け先からの在庫報告と自社記録の照合を定期的に行わないと差異が見つかりにくく、外注加工先への有償・無償支給材の管理でも同様の注意が必要です。", "en": "Company-owned stock stored at other parties' sites such as external warehouses, subcontractors or customers. Because it is on the books but not on hand, regular reconciliation with the custodian's reports is essential.", "zh": "本公司保有所有权、但寄存在外部仓库、外协加工方或客户等他方据点的库存。由于账面上属于本公司而实物不在手边，必须定期将寄存方的库存报告与本公司记录进行核对。" }, "related": [ "consignment-inventory", "company-owned-inventory", "on-hand-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/deposited-inventory" }, { "id": "company-owned-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "自社在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Company-Owned Inventory", "zh": "自有库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "自社在庫は、所有権が自社にある在庫のことで、置き場所が自社倉庫か外部拠点かを問わず、自社の棚卸資産として計上されます。物理的な所在と所有権が一致しない委託在庫や預かり在庫と区別して管理しないと、在庫金額や回転率の計算に他社の物が混ざるため、所有区分を在庫データの属性として持たせることが基本です。", "en": "Stock owned by the company and recorded as its inventory asset regardless of location. It must be distinguished from consignment and customer-owned stock so that others' goods do not distort inventory value or turnover.", "zh": "所有权属于本公司的库存，无论存放在本公司仓库还是外部据点，均计入本公司存货资产。需与寄售库存或代管库存区分管理，避免他方物品混入库存金额和周转率计算。" }, "related": [ "consignment-inventory", "deposited-inventory", "customer-owned-inventory", "inventories-asset" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/company-owned-inventory" }, { "id": "customer-owned-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "預かり在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Customer-Owned Inventory", "zh": "代管库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "預かり在庫は、顧客や取引先が所有権を持ち、自社の倉庫や工場で保管している在庫です。受託加工で支給された材料や、出荷前に顧客の都合で保管している完成品などが該当し、自社の資産には含めない一方で保管責任は負うため、自社在庫と同じ精度で数量を管理しつつ金額集計からは除外する設定が必要です。", "en": "Stock owned by customers or partners but stored in the company's warehouse or plant, such as materials supplied for toll processing. It is excluded from the company's assets but must be controlled with the same accuracy.", "zh": "所有权属于客户或合作方、但保管在本公司仓库或工厂的库存，例如来料加工中客户提供的材料。不计入本公司资产，但负有保管责任，需与自有库存同等精度管理数量。" }, "related": [ "company-owned-inventory", "consignment-inventory", "deposited-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/customer-owned-inventory" }, { "id": "obsolete-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "陳腐化在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Obsolete Inventory", "zh": "陈旧库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "陳腐化在庫は、設計変更・モデルチェンジ・規格改定・使用期限切れなどにより、本来の用途で使えなくなった、または価値が大きく下がった在庫です。動きの有無で判断する死蔵在庫と違い、原因が技術的・市場的な変化にあるのが特徴で、設計変更の発効時に旧品目の残数と処分方針を同時に決める運用が予防策になります。", "en": "Stock that can no longer be used as intended, or has lost much of its value, due to design changes, model changes, standard revisions or expiry. Deciding the disposition of old items when a design change takes effect helps prevent it.", "zh": "因设计变更、型号更新、标准修订或过期等原因而无法按原用途使用或价值大幅下降的库存。在设计变更生效时同时确定旧品目的剩余数量和处理方针，是有效的预防措施。" }, "related": [ "dead-stock", "inventory-write-down", "inventory-aging" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/obsolete-inventory" }, { "id": "inventory-aging", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫年齢／エージング", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Aging", "zh": "库龄", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫年齢は、在庫が入庫してから現在までに経過した期間で、在庫年齢＝基準日－入庫日（ロットごと）で求めます。0〜3か月、3〜6か月、6〜12か月、12か月超のように区分した在庫年齢分析を行うと、滞留や陳腐化の兆候を金額で把握でき、評価損の計上基準として使われることもあります。", "en": "The time elapsed since stock was received: reference date minus receipt date per lot. Aging buckets such as 0–3, 3–6, 6–12 and over 12 months reveal slow-moving value and may serve as a write-down criterion.", "zh": "库存自入库至今经过的时间，按批次以基准日减去入库日计算。按0至3个月、3至6个月、6至12个月、12个月以上等区间进行库龄分析，可按金额把握滞留和陈旧征兆，也可作为减值计提标准。" }, "related": [ "slow-moving-inventory", "dead-stock", "obsolete-inventory", "inventory-write-down" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-aging" }, { "id": "inventory-to-sales-ratio", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫売上比率", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory-to-Sales Ratio", "zh": "库存销售比", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫売上比率は、売上高に対してどれだけの在庫を抱えているかを示す指標で、在庫売上比率＝期末在庫金額÷期間売上高で求めます。売上原価ではなく売上高を分母にするため利益率の違いの影響を受けますが、販売部門にも直感的に伝わりやすく、月次で推移を見て在庫の積み上がりを早期に察知する用途に向いています。", "en": "A measure of inventory relative to sales: ending inventory value ÷ sales for the period. Using sales rather than COGS makes it sensitive to margins, but it is intuitive for sales teams and useful for monthly trend monitoring.", "zh": "表示相对于销售额持有多少库存的指标，计算方式为期末库存金额除以期间销售额。由于以销售额而非销售成本为分母会受利润率影响，但便于销售部门理解，适合按月监控库存积压趋势。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover", "inventory-value", "inventory-kpi" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-to-sales-ratio" }, { "id": "stock-keeping-unit", "type": "entry", "ja": "SKU", "abbr": "SKU", "en": "Stock Keeping Unit", "zh": "库存单位", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "SKUは、在庫を管理するうえで区別すべき最小の単位で、品目だけでなく色・サイズ・包装形態・仕向け地などが違えば別SKUとして扱います。製造業では同じ部品でも保管拠点ごとに別SKUと見なすこともあり、SKUの切り方が在庫の集計粒度を決めるため、指標を比較する前に定義をそろえておく必要があります。", "en": "The smallest unit distinguished in inventory control; differences in color, size, packaging or destination create separate SKUs. How SKUs are defined sets the granularity of inventory aggregation, so definitions should be aligned before comparing metrics.", "zh": "库存管理中需要区分的最小单位，颜色、尺寸、包装形式或销往地不同即视为不同的库存单位。其划分方式决定库存汇总的粒度，比较指标前应统一定义。" }, "related": [ "purchased-parts", "abc-analysis", "inventory-level" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stock-keeping-unit" }, { "id": "inventory-level", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫水準", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Level", "zh": "库存水平", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫水準は、ある時点または期間における在庫量の高さを指す言葉で、数量・金額・日数のいずれかで表されます。単に多い少ないを論じるのではなく、上限と下限を決めた管理幅の中に収まっているかで評価するのが実務的で、製造業では品目別の在庫推移グラフに管理幅を重ねて異常を見つける使い方が一般的です。", "en": "How high stock is at a point or over a period, expressed in quantity, value or days. It is best evaluated against defined upper and lower control limits, often by overlaying them on item-level trend charts.", "zh": "某一时点或期间内库存量的高低，以数量、金额或天数表示。实务上应以是否处于设定的上下限管理范围内来评价，常在品目库存趋势图上叠加管理范围以发现异常。" }, "related": [ "optimal-inventory", "average-inventory", "excess-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-level" }, { "id": "average-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "平均在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Average Inventory", "zh": "平均库存", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "平均在庫は、一定期間に保有していた在庫の平均的な量で、簡便には平均在庫＝（期首在庫＋期末在庫）÷2で求めます。期首と期末だけでは月中の変動を拾えないため、精度が必要な場合は月末残高の平均や日次残高の平均を使い、回転率や保有コストを計算する際の分母として用います。", "en": "The typical amount of stock held over a period, simply (beginning + ending inventory) ÷ 2. For better accuracy, averages of monthly or daily balances are used; it is the denominator for turnover and carrying cost.", "zh": "一定期间内所持库存的平均量，简便算法为期初库存加期末库存再除以二。需要更高精度时采用月末余额或每日余额的平均值，用作计算周转率和持有成本的分母。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover", "cycle-stock", "inventory-carrying-cost", "gmroi" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/average-inventory" }, { "id": "inventory-imbalance", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫偏在", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Imbalance", "zh": "库存分布不均", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫偏在は、同じ品目の在庫が特定の拠点や倉庫に偏り、ある場所では余っているのに別の場所では欠品している状態です。全社の総量では足りていても起こるため、拠点別の在庫日数を並べて比較し、横持ち輸送の費用と欠品損失を比べて再配置するかどうかを判断するのが一般的な対応です。", "en": "A state where stock of the same item is concentrated at certain sites, leaving surplus in one place and shortages in another. It can occur even when total stock is sufficient; transfers are decided by comparing transfer cost with shortage loss.", "zh": "同一品目的库存偏集中于特定据点或仓库，一处过剩而另一处缺货的状态。即使全公司总量充足也会发生，通常比较调拨运输费用与缺货损失来决定是否重新配置。" }, "related": [ "inventory-visibility", "stockout", "excess-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-imbalance" }, { "id": "inventory-reduction", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫削減", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Reduction", "zh": "库存削减", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫削減は、欠品や生産効率を損なわない範囲で在庫の量や金額を減らす取り組みです。期末だけ出荷を急いだり入荷を止めたりする一時的な削減は翌期に戻りやすいため、製造業ではリードタイム短縮・ロットサイズ縮小・需要予測の改善など、在庫が必要になる原因そのものに手を入れる施策が本筋とされます。", "en": "Efforts to lower inventory quantity or value without harming availability or production efficiency. Temporary period-end cuts tend to rebound, so lasting reduction comes from shortening lead times, reducing lot sizes and improving forecasts.", "zh": "在不损害供货和生产效率的前提下减少库存数量或金额的工作。仅在期末突击出货或停止入库的临时削减容易反弹，根本措施是缩短交货周期、减小批量和改进需求预测。" }, "related": [ "excess-inventory", "optimal-inventory", "inventory-cash-conversion" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-reduction" }, { "id": "inventory-classification", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫分類", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Classification", "zh": "库存分类", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫分類は、在庫を目的に応じた切り口で区分する考え方で、形態別（原材料・部品・仕掛品・製品）、機能別（サイクル在庫・バッファ在庫・季節在庫など）、所有別（自社在庫・委託在庫など）といった軸があります。一つの在庫金額を複数の軸で分解すると、なぜその量を持っているのかを説明でき、削減の対象と残すべき部分を切り分けやすくなります。", "en": "Dividing inventory along purpose-driven axes such as form (materials, parts, WIP, finished goods), function (cycle, buffer, seasonal stock) and ownership (owned, consignment). Breaking total value down by several axes explains why stock is held and what can be reduced.", "zh": "按目的从不同角度对库存进行划分的思路，包括按形态（原材料、零部件、在制品、成品）、按功能（周期库存、缓冲库存、季节性库存等）和按所有权（自有库存、寄售库存等）等维度。按多个维度分解库存金额，可说明持有原因并区分应削减和应保留的部分。" }, "related": [ "inventory", "cycle-stock", "buffer-inventory", "company-owned-inventory", "abc-analysis" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-classification" }, { "id": "inventory-trend", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫推移", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Trend", "zh": "库存趋势", "category": "在庫の基礎・指標", "definition": { "ja": "在庫推移は、在庫の数量や金額が時間とともにどう変化したかを時系列で表したもので、期末在庫＝期首在庫＋入庫－出庫の関係を期間ごとに積み上げて作ります。製造業では月末時点だけを見ると月中の山谷が隠れるため、日次や週次の推移を入庫・出庫と並べて確認すると、過剰や欠品につながる動きの原因を特定しやすくなります。", "en": "A time series of how inventory quantity or value changes, built period by period from ending = beginning + receipts − issues. Viewing daily or weekly trends alongside receipts and issues reveals causes of excess or shortages hidden by month-end snapshots.", "zh": "以时间序列表示库存数量或金额随时间变化的情况，按期间以期末库存等于期初库存加入库减出库的关系累积而成。仅看月末数据会掩盖月中波动，结合入库和出库查看每日或每周趋势，更易找出导致过剩或缺货的原因。" }, "related": [ "inventory-level", "average-inventory", "inventory-visibility", "excess-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-trend" }, { "id": "inventories-asset", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸資産", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventories (Balance Sheet)", "zh": "存货", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸資産は、販売目的で保有する商品・製品、製造途中の仕掛品・半製品、製造に使う原材料・貯蔵品などを貸借対照表上でまとめた資産区分です。製造業では総資産に占める割合が大きくなりやすく、取得原価で計上したうえで、期末に収益性が下がっていれば帳簿価額を引き下げる処理が求められます。", "en": "The balance-sheet asset category covering goods held for sale, work in process and materials used in production. It is recorded at cost and written down at period end if its recoverable value has fallen.", "zh": "资产负债表上汇总为销售而持有的商品和产成品、生产中的在制品和半成品、以及生产用原材料和物料等的资产类别。按取得成本入账，期末收益能力下降时需降低账面价值。" }, "related": [ "inventory-valuation", "inventory-write-down", "ias-2", "ending-inventory" ], "references": [ "棚卸資産の評価に関する会計基準", "IAS 2 Inventories" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventories-asset" }, { "id": "working-capital", "type": "entry", "ja": "運転資本", "abbr": null, "en": "Working Capital", "zh": "营运资本", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "運転資本は、日々の事業活動を回すために必要な資金で、営業上の運転資本＝売上債権＋棚卸資産－仕入債務として捉えるのが一般的です。製造業では在庫がその大きな部分を占めるため、在庫を減らすことは手元資金を増やすことと直結し、借入の削減や投資余力の確保という形で経営成果に表れます。", "en": "The funds needed to run day-to-day operations, commonly defined as trade receivables + inventories − trade payables. Inventory is a large component in manufacturing, so reducing it directly frees cash.", "zh": "维持日常经营活动所需的资金，通常以应收账款加存货减应付账款来衡量。在制造业中存货占很大比重，削减库存可直接增加手头资金。" }, "related": [ "cash-conversion-cycle", "inventories-asset", "inventory-cash-conversion" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/working-capital" }, { "id": "cash-conversion-cycle", "type": "entry", "ja": "キャッシュ・コンバージョン・サイクル", "abbr": "CCC", "en": "Cash Conversion Cycle", "zh": "现金转换周期", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "キャッシュ・コンバージョン・サイクルは、仕入れに支払った現金が販売代金として戻ってくるまでの日数で、CCC＝DIO＋DSO－DPOで求めます。短いほど少ない運転資本で事業を回せることを意味し、製造業では在庫日数の短縮がCCC改善の最大の手段になることが多いため、在庫施策の効果を財務の言葉で説明する際に使われます。", "en": "The number of days between paying cash for purchases and collecting cash from sales: CCC = DIO + DSO − DPO. A shorter cycle needs less working capital, and cutting inventory days is often the biggest lever in manufacturing.", "zh": "从为采购支付现金到收回销售货款所需的天数，计算方式为存货周转天数加应收账款周转天数减应付账款周转天数。周期越短所需营运资本越少，制造业中缩短库存天数往往是最大的改善手段。" }, "related": [ "days-inventory-outstanding", "days-sales-outstanding", "days-payables-outstanding", "working-capital" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cash-conversion-cycle" }, { "id": "days-inventory-outstanding", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸資産回転日数", "abbr": "DIO", "en": "Days Inventory Outstanding", "zh": "存货周转天数", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "DIOは、棚卸資産が売上原価の何日分に相当するかを示す財務指標で、DIO＝棚卸資産÷売上原価×365で求めます。CCCを構成する要素の一つで、財務諸表の数字から外部の投資家や金融機関でも算出できるため、同業他社との比較や在庫効率の対外説明に用いられます。", "en": "A financial metric of how many days of cost of goods sold inventory represents: inventories ÷ COGS × 365. A component of the cash conversion cycle, it can be calculated from published statements and used for peer comparison.", "zh": "表示存货相当于多少天销售成本的财务指标，计算方式为存货除以销售成本再乘以365。它是现金转换周期的组成部分，可根据公开财报计算，用于同业比较。" }, "related": [ "cash-conversion-cycle", "inventory-turnover-days", "inventory-turnover-ratio-financial" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/days-inventory-outstanding" }, { "id": "days-sales-outstanding", "type": "entry", "ja": "売上債権回転日数", "abbr": "DSO", "en": "Days Sales Outstanding", "zh": "应收账款周转天数", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "DSOは、売上債権を回収するまでに平均で何日かかっているかを示す指標で、DSO＝売上債権÷売上高×365で求めます。在庫そのものの指標ではありませんが、CCCの構成要素として在庫日数と並べて見ることで、運転資本の滞留が在庫と回収のどちらに起因しているかを切り分けられます。", "en": "The average number of days to collect receivables: trade receivables ÷ sales × 365. Viewed alongside inventory days within the CCC, it shows whether tied-up working capital stems from inventory or collections.", "zh": "表示平均需要多少天收回应收账款的指标，计算方式为应收账款除以销售额再乘以365。作为现金转换周期的组成部分与库存天数并列分析，可判断营运资本占用源于库存还是回款。" }, "related": [ "cash-conversion-cycle", "days-inventory-outstanding", "days-payables-outstanding" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/days-sales-outstanding" }, { "id": "days-payables-outstanding", "type": "entry", "ja": "仕入債務回転日数", "abbr": "DPO", "en": "Days Payables Outstanding", "zh": "应付账款周转天数", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "DPOは、仕入先への支払いまでに平均で何日の猶予があるかを示す指標で、DPO＝仕入債務÷売上原価×365で求めます。値が大きいほどCCCは短くなりますが、支払いを無理に延ばすと仕入先の資金繰りを圧迫し供給の安定を損なうため、製造業では在庫日数の短縮と組み合わせて健全に改善することが望まれます。", "en": "The average number of days before suppliers are paid: trade payables ÷ COGS × 365. A higher value shortens the CCC, but stretching payments can strain suppliers and supply stability.", "zh": "表示向供应商付款前平均有多少天宽限的指标，计算方式为应付账款除以销售成本再乘以365。数值越大现金转换周期越短，但过度延迟付款会挤压供应商资金并影响供应稳定。" }, "related": [ "cash-conversion-cycle", "days-inventory-outstanding", "days-sales-outstanding" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/days-payables-outstanding" }, { "id": "inventory-turnover-ratio-financial", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸資産回転率", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Turnover Ratio (Financial)", "zh": "存货周转率", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸資産回転率は、財務諸表の数値を使って在庫効率を測る指標で、棚卸資産回転率＝売上原価÷平均棚卸資産で求めます（売上高を分子にする流儀もあります）。現場で使う品目別の在庫回転率と考え方は同じですが、会社全体を年単位で見る指標であり、評価損や原価差異の処理によって値が動く点に留意が必要です。", "en": "A financial-statement measure of inventory efficiency: COGS ÷ average inventories (sales is sometimes used as numerator). Conceptually the same as item-level turnover but company-wide and annual, and affected by write-downs and variance treatment.", "zh": "使用财务报表数据衡量库存效率的指标，计算方式为销售成本除以平均存货（也有以销售额为分子的做法）。与现场按品目计算的库存周转率思路相同，但针对全公司按年度衡量，并受减值和成本差异处理影响。" }, "related": [ "inventory-turnover", "days-inventory-outstanding", "cost-of-goods-sold" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-turnover-ratio-financial" }, { "id": "inventory-write-down", "type": "entry", "ja": "評価損／棚卸資産評価損", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Write-Down", "zh": "存货跌价损失", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "評価損は、期末に保有する棚卸資産の正味売却価額が帳簿価額を下回ったとき、その差額を損失として計上し帳簿価額を引き下げる処理です。製造業では陳腐化品や長期滞留品に対して、在庫年齢に応じた一定率で切り下げる規則的な方法が採られることも多く、計上額は売上原価または特別損失として表示されます。", "en": "Recognizing a loss when the net realizable value of inventory at period end falls below book value, and reducing the carrying amount accordingly. Manufacturers often apply aging-based write-down rates to obsolete or slow-moving items.", "zh": "期末所持存货的可变现净值低于账面价值时，将差额确认为损失并降低账面价值的处理。制造业常对陈旧品或长期滞留品按库龄采用固定比率计提减值。" }, "related": [ "net-realizable-value", "lower-of-cost-or-market", "inventory-aging", "obsolete-inventory" ], "references": [ "棚卸資産の評価に関する会計基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-write-down" }, { "id": "lower-of-cost-or-market", "type": "entry", "ja": "低価法", "abbr": null, "en": "Lower of Cost or Market", "zh": "成本与市价孰低法", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "低価法は、棚卸資産を取得原価と期末の時価（正味売却価額など）のいずれか低い方で評価する方法です。現在の日本の会計基準やIFRSでは、収益性が低下した場合に帳簿価額を切り下げることが求められており、実質的にこの考え方が原則となっているため、製造業でも期末ごとに品目群単位で収益性を確認する手続きが必要になります。", "en": "Valuing inventory at the lower of acquisition cost and period-end market value such as net realizable value. Current Japanese standards and IFRS effectively require this approach, so profitability must be checked each period end.", "zh": "按取得成本与期末市价（如可变现净值）中较低者对存货进行计价的方法。现行日本会计准则和国际财务报告准则实际上以此为原则，因此每期期末需检查存货的收益能力。" }, "related": [ "inventory-write-down", "net-realizable-value", "inventory-valuation" ], "references": [ "棚卸資産の評価に関する会計基準", "IAS 2 Inventories" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lower-of-cost-or-market" }, { "id": "fifo-costing", "type": "entry", "ja": "先入先出法（在庫評価）", "abbr": "FIFO", "en": "First-In, First-Out", "zh": "先进先出法", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "先入先出法は、先に受け入れたものから順に払い出されたとみなして、払出単価と期末在庫の金額を計算する評価方法です。期末在庫は直近の仕入単価で評価されるため時価に近くなり、物価上昇局面では売上原価が小さく利益が大きく出る傾向があります。会計上の仮定であり、現品の出庫順序とは必ずしも一致しません。", "en": "A costing method that assumes the earliest received items are issued first. Ending inventory reflects recent purchase prices, and in inflationary periods COGS is lower and profit higher; it is an accounting assumption, not necessarily the physical issue order.", "zh": "假定先入库的物品先发出，以此计算发出单价和期末库存金额的计价方法。期末库存按最近进价计价而接近市价，物价上涨时销售成本较低、利润较高。它是会计假设，未必与实物出库顺序一致。" }, "related": [ "moving-average-costing", "weighted-average-method", "specific-identification-method", "inventory-valuation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fifo-costing" }, { "id": "moving-average-costing", "type": "entry", "ja": "移動平均法（在庫評価）", "abbr": null, "en": "Moving Average Method", "zh": "移动加权平均法", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "移動平均法は、受け入れのたびに在庫の平均単価を計算し直し、その単価で払い出しを評価する方法です。新平均単価＝（受入前在庫金額＋受入金額）÷（受入前数量＋受入数量）で更新し、払い出し時点で単価が確定するため、システムで在庫金額をリアルタイムに把握したい製造業で広く使われています。", "en": "A method that recalculates the average unit cost at each receipt and values issues at that cost: new average = (prior value + receipt value) ÷ (prior quantity + receipt quantity). Because cost is known at each issue, it suits real-time inventory valuation.", "zh": "每次入库时重新计算库存平均单价，并以该单价计价发出的方法。新平均单价等于入库前库存金额加入库金额，再除以入库前数量加入库数量。发出时单价即可确定，适合实时掌握库存金额。" }, "related": [ "weighted-average-method", "fifo-costing", "inventory-valuation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/moving-average-costing" }, { "id": "weighted-average-method", "type": "entry", "ja": "総平均法", "abbr": null, "en": "Periodic Weighted Average Method", "zh": "月末一次加权平均法", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "総平均法は、一定期間（通常は月や年）の期首在庫と受入の合計金額を合計数量で割って平均単価を求め、その期間の払い出しをすべてその単価で評価する方法です。総平均単価＝（期首在庫金額＋期中受入金額）÷（期首数量＋期中受入数量）で求め、計算は簡単ですが期間が締まるまで払出単価が確定しない点が特徴です。", "en": "A method that divides the total value of beginning stock and receipts for a period by total quantity to get one average cost applied to all issues in that period. It is simple, but unit cost is not known until the period closes.", "zh": "将一定期间（通常为月或年）期初库存与入库的合计金额除以合计数量求得平均单价，并以此对该期间全部发出进行计价的方法。计算简单，但在期间结束前无法确定发出单价。" }, "related": [ "moving-average-costing", "fifo-costing", "inventory-valuation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/weighted-average-method" }, { "id": "specific-identification-method", "type": "entry", "ja": "個別法", "abbr": null, "en": "Specific Identification Method", "zh": "个别计价法", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "個別法は、在庫の一つひとつ、またはロットごとに実際の取得原価を個別に把握し、払い出したものの原価をそのまま売上原価とする評価方法です。受注生産の大型設備や高額な特注品など、個体ごとに原価が大きく異なり識別が可能な場合に適しており、製番やシリアル番号で原価を追跡する仕組みが前提になります。", "en": "A method that tracks the actual cost of each unit or lot and charges the cost of the specific items issued to COGS. Suited to high-value, individually identifiable goods such as engineered-to-order equipment.", "zh": "逐件或逐批掌握实际取得成本，并将所发出物品的成本直接计入销售成本的计价方法。适用于按订单生产的大型设备或高价定制品等可单独识别且成本差异大的物品。" }, "related": [ "fifo-costing", "moving-average-costing", "actual-cost" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/specific-identification-method" }, { "id": "standard-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "標準原価", "abbr": null, "en": "Standard Cost", "zh": "标准成本", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "標準原価は、材料の標準使用量・標準価格、標準作業時間・標準賃率などから、あらかじめ科学的に設定した目標となる製品原価です。在庫を標準原価で評価すると、日々の入出庫で単価が変動せず計算が安定し、実際原価との差を原価差異として分析することで、購買や製造のどこに問題があるかを把握できます。", "en": "A predetermined target product cost set from standard material usage and price, standard labor hours and rates. Valuing inventory at standard cost keeps unit values stable, and comparing with actual cost reveals variances by cause.", "zh": "根据材料标准用量和标准价格、标准工时和标准工资率等预先科学设定的目标产品成本。以标准成本计价库存可使单价稳定，并通过与实际成本的差异分析找出采购或制造中的问题。" }, "related": [ "actual-cost", "cost-variance", "variance-allocation", "cost-accounting" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/standard-cost" }, { "id": "actual-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "実際原価", "abbr": null, "en": "Actual Cost", "zh": "实际成本", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "実際原価は、実際に消費した材料の量と価格、実際の作業時間や発生した経費を集計して算出した製品原価です。財務会計では最終的に実際原価に基づく報告が求められるため、標準原価で日常管理をしている製造業でも、期末には原価差異を配賦して実際原価に近づける調整を行います。", "en": "Product cost calculated from actual material consumption and prices, actual labor hours and incurred expenses. Financial reporting ultimately requires actual cost, so firms using standard cost adjust by allocating variances at period end.", "zh": "根据实际消耗的材料数量和价格、实际作业时间及发生的费用汇总计算的产品成本。财务会计最终要求以实际成本报告，因此采用标准成本的企业在期末需分摊成本差异进行调整。" }, "related": [ "standard-cost", "cost-variance", "variance-allocation", "specific-identification-method" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/actual-cost" }, { "id": "cost-variance", "type": "entry", "ja": "原価差異", "abbr": null, "en": "Cost Variance", "zh": "成本差异", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "原価差異は、標準原価と実際原価との差額で、原価差異＝実際原価－標準原価として求め、材料の価格差異・数量差異、作業時間差異、製造間接費の差異などに分解して分析します。在庫管理の観点では、材料数量差異が大きい場合に歩留まりの悪化や在庫記録の誤りが隠れていることがあり、原因の追究が欠かせません。", "en": "The difference between actual and standard cost, broken down into material price and usage, labor efficiency and overhead variances. Large usage variances can signal yield losses or inventory record errors.", "zh": "实际成本与标准成本之差，分解为材料价格差异与数量差异、工时差异、制造费用差异等进行分析。从库存管理角度看，材料数量差异较大时可能隐藏着成品率下降或库存记录错误。" }, "related": [ "standard-cost", "actual-cost", "variance-allocation", "manufacturing-overhead" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cost-variance" }, { "id": "cost-accounting", "type": "entry", "ja": "原価計算", "abbr": null, "en": "Cost Accounting", "zh": "成本核算", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "原価計算は、製品やサービスを作るのにかかった費用を、材料費・労務費・経費などに分類し、製品ごとに集計・配分して単位あたりの原価を求める手続きです。棚卸資産や売上原価の金額を決める財務会計上の役割と、価格設定やコスト改善の判断材料を提供する管理会計上の役割の両方を担っています。", "en": "The process of classifying costs into materials, labor and overhead and accumulating and allocating them to products to determine unit cost. It serves both financial reporting of inventory and COGS and management decisions on pricing and cost improvement.", "zh": "将生产产品或提供服务所花费的费用分为材料费、人工费和其他费用，并按产品汇总和分配以求得单位成本的程序。兼具确定存货和销售成本金额的财务会计职能与支持定价和成本改善的管理会计职能。" }, "related": [ "manufacturing-cost", "standard-cost", "actual-cost", "material-cost" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cost-accounting" }, { "id": "manufacturing-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "製造原価", "abbr": null, "en": "Manufacturing Cost", "zh": "制造成本", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "製造原価は、製品を作るために工場で発生した費用の合計で、製造原価＝材料費＋労務費＋経費（製造間接費を含む）として集計されます。当期に発生した製造費用に期首・期末の仕掛品の増減を加味して当期製品製造原価を求め、それが製品在庫を経て販売時に売上原価へ振り替えられるという流れで在庫と結び付きます。", "en": "The total cost incurred in the factory to make products: materials + labor + manufacturing overhead. Adjusted for changes in WIP, it becomes the cost of goods manufactured, which flows through finished goods into COGS when sold.", "zh": "为生产产品在工厂发生的费用合计，即材料费加人工费加制造费用。当期制造费用经期初期末在制品增减调整后得出当期完工产品成本，经由成品库存在销售时转入销售成本。" }, "related": [ "material-cost", "manufacturing-overhead", "cost-of-goods-sold", "work-in-process" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/manufacturing-cost" }, { "id": "material-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "材料費", "abbr": null, "en": "Material Cost", "zh": "材料费", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "材料費は、製品の製造に消費された原材料や部品の原価で、材料費＝消費数量×消費単価として計算されます。消費数量は出庫記録や部品表に基づく使用量から求めるため、在庫の入出庫記録の正確さが材料費の正しさに直結し、組立型の製造業では製造原価の過半を材料費が占めることも珍しくありません。", "en": "The cost of raw materials and parts consumed in production: quantity consumed × unit cost. Because consumption comes from issue records or bills of materials, inventory transaction accuracy directly affects material cost.", "zh": "生产产品所消耗的原材料和零部件成本，计算方式为消耗数量乘以消耗单价。消耗数量来自出库记录或物料清单用量，因此库存出入库记录的准确性直接决定材料费的正确性。" }, "related": [ "manufacturing-cost", "raw-materials", "cost-accounting" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/material-cost" }, { "id": "manufacturing-overhead", "type": "entry", "ja": "製造間接費", "abbr": null, "en": "Manufacturing Overhead", "zh": "制造费用", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "製造間接費は、特定の製品に直接結び付けられない工場の費用で、設備の減価償却費、間接作業者の人件費、工場の光熱費や消耗品費などが含まれます。作業時間や機械稼働時間などを基準に製品へ配賦して仕掛品や製品の原価に含めるため、配賦基準の選び方によって在庫金額や製品別の利益が変わる点に注意が必要です。", "en": "Factory costs not directly traceable to specific products, such as equipment depreciation, indirect labor, utilities and supplies. Allocated to products by labor or machine hours, its allocation basis affects inventory values and product profitability.", "zh": "无法直接归属于特定产品的工厂费用，如设备折旧、间接人员人工费、工厂水电费和消耗品费等。按工时或机器工时等基准分配计入在制品和产成品成本，分配基准的选择会影响库存金额和各产品利润。" }, "related": [ "manufacturing-cost", "cost-variance", "variance-allocation" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/manufacturing-overhead" }, { "id": "spoilage-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "仕損費", "abbr": null, "en": "Spoilage Cost", "zh": "废品损失", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "仕損費は、製造中に不良品が発生した際、その製造にかかった原価や補修に要した費用を損失として集計したものです。正常な範囲で毎回発生する仕損は良品の原価に含め、異常な仕損は期間の損失として区分するのが一般的で、仕損で廃棄した材料を在庫から正しく払い出しておかないと帳簿在庫が実在庫より多くなる原因になります。", "en": "The cost of defective units produced and any rework, accumulated as a loss. Normal spoilage is included in good-unit cost while abnormal spoilage is a period loss; scrapped materials must be issued from stock to keep records accurate.", "zh": "生产过程中出现不良品时，将其制造成本或返修费用汇总为损失。正常范围内的废品损失计入合格品成本，异常损失作为期间损失处理；报废材料若未正确从库存发出，会导致账面库存多于实际库存。" }, "related": [ "manufacturing-cost", "inventory-shrinkage-loss", "cost-variance" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/spoilage-cost" }, { "id": "impairment", "type": "entry", "ja": "減損", "abbr": null, "en": "Impairment", "zh": "资产减值", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "減損は、資産の収益性が低下して投資額を回収できる見込みがなくなったとき、回収可能な額まで帳簿価額を減らす会計処理です。主に設備や建物などの固定資産に用いられる言葉で、棚卸資産の切り下げは通常「評価損」と呼んで区別しますが、在庫を大量に抱える生産ラインの採算悪化は、在庫の評価損と設備の減損が同時に起きるきっかけになります。", "en": "Reducing an asset's carrying amount to its recoverable amount when declining profitability means the investment cannot be recovered. The term mainly applies to fixed assets; inventory reductions are usually called write-downs, though both can arise together.", "zh": "资产收益能力下降、无法收回投资额时，将账面价值减至可收回金额的会计处理。主要用于设备和建筑物等固定资产，存货的减值通常称为跌价损失加以区分，但生产线亏损可能同时引发两者。" }, "related": [ "inventory-write-down", "book-value", "fair-value" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/impairment" }, { "id": "book-value", "type": "entry", "ja": "簿価", "abbr": null, "en": "Book Value", "zh": "账面价值", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "簿価は、会計帳簿に記録されている資産の金額で、在庫であれば取得原価から評価損などを差し引いた後の帳簿価額を指します。現場で使う在庫管理システム上の金額と会計上の簿価は、評価方法や評価損の反映時期の違いで一致しないことがあるため、両者の差を月次で照合する手順を持っておくと決算時の混乱を防げます。", "en": "The amount at which an asset is recorded in the books; for inventory, cost less any write-downs. Inventory system values and accounting book values can differ, so monthly reconciliation avoids surprises at closing.", "zh": "会计账簿上记录的资产金额，对存货而言是取得成本扣除跌价损失等后的账面价值。现场库存系统中的金额与会计账面价值可能因计价方法和减值反映时间不同而不一致，应按月核对。" }, "related": [ "fair-value", "inventory-valuation", "inventory-write-down" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/book-value" }, { "id": "fair-value", "type": "entry", "ja": "時価", "abbr": null, "en": "Fair Value / Market Value", "zh": "公允价值", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "時価は、資産をその時点で市場で取引した場合に成立すると考えられる価格のことです。棚卸資産の評価では、売却を前提とする製品は正味売却価額、市場価格が明確な原材料は再調達原価が参照されることがあり、取得原価との比較によって評価損を計上するかどうかを判断する基準となります。", "en": "The price at which an asset would be exchanged in the market at a given time. For inventory, net realizable value or replacement cost is referenced and compared with cost to judge whether a write-down is needed.", "zh": "资产在该时点于市场交易时可成立的价格。存货计价中，以出售为前提的产品参照可变现净值，市价明确的原材料有时参照重置成本，并与取得成本比较以判断是否需计提减值。" }, "related": [ "net-realizable-value", "book-value", "lower-of-cost-or-market" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fair-value" }, { "id": "net-realizable-value", "type": "entry", "ja": "正味売却価額", "abbr": "NRV", "en": "Net Realizable Value", "zh": "可变现净值", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "正味売却価額は、在庫を通常の事業の中で販売したときに見込まれる売価から、完成までに必要な追加原価と販売に要する費用を差し引いた額です。正味売却価額＝見積売価－見積追加製造原価－見積販売費で求め、これが帳簿価額を下回る場合に差額を評価損として計上するため、期末評価の中心となる数字です。", "en": "Estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs of completion and selling costs. When it falls below book value, the difference is recognized as a write-down.", "zh": "存货在正常经营中销售时的预计售价，减去完工所需追加成本和销售费用后的金额。当其低于账面价值时，差额确认为跌价损失，是期末计价的核心数值。" }, "related": [ "inventory-write-down", "lower-of-cost-or-market", "fair-value", "ias-2" ], "references": [ "IAS 2 Inventories", "棚卸資産の評価に関する会計基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/net-realizable-value" }, { "id": "inventory-valuation", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫評価", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Valuation", "zh": "存货计价", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "在庫評価は、保有する在庫に金額を付ける一連の手続きで、払出単価の計算方法（先入先出法・移動平均法など）の選択と、期末の収益性低下に伴う切り下げの二つの側面があります。どの方法を選ぶかで売上原価と利益が変わるため、継続して同じ方法を適用することが求められ、変更する場合は理由と影響額の開示が必要です。", "en": "The process of assigning monetary value to inventory, covering both the cost-flow method (FIFO, moving average, etc.) and period-end write-downs. The method affects COGS and profit, so it must be applied consistently and changes disclosed.", "zh": "为所持库存确定金额的一系列程序，包括发出单价计算方法（先进先出法、移动加权平均法等）的选择和期末因收益能力下降而进行的减值两个方面。方法选择影响销售成本和利润，须一贯适用。" }, "related": [ "fifo-costing", "moving-average-costing", "weighted-average-method", "inventory-write-down", "inventory-value" ], "references": [ "棚卸資産の評価に関する会計基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-valuation" }, { "id": "ending-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "期末棚卸高", "abbr": null, "en": "Ending Inventory", "zh": "期末存货", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "期末棚卸高は、会計期間の末日時点で保有している棚卸資産の金額で、実地棚卸で確定した数量に評価単価を掛けて算出します。売上原価＝期首棚卸高＋当期仕入高（または当期製品製造原価）－期末棚卸高という関係にあるため、期末棚卸高が過大に計上されるとその分だけ利益が過大になり、数量の正確さが決算の信頼性を左右します。", "en": "The value of inventory held at the end of an accounting period, calculated from physically counted quantities times unit cost. Since COGS = beginning inventory + purchases − ending inventory, overstating it overstates profit.", "zh": "会计期间末日所持存货的金额，按实地盘点确定的数量乘以计价单价计算。由于销售成本等于期初存货加本期购入减期末存货，期末存货多计会导致利润虚增。" }, "related": [ "cost-of-goods-sold", "inventories-asset", "inventory-shrinkage-loss" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/ending-inventory" }, { "id": "cost-of-goods-sold", "type": "entry", "ja": "売上原価", "abbr": "COGS", "en": "Cost of Goods Sold", "zh": "销售成本", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "売上原価は、当期に販売した製品や商品に対応する原価で、製造業では売上原価＝期首製品棚卸高＋当期製品製造原価－期末製品棚卸高で求めます。在庫回転率やDIOの基礎となる数字であり、売上高から差し引いたものが売上総利益になるため、在庫の評価方法や評価損の計上が利益に影響する経路を理解するうえでも重要です。", "en": "The cost corresponding to products sold in the period: beginning finished goods + cost of goods manufactured − ending finished goods. It underlies inventory turnover and DIO, and sales minus COGS gives gross profit.", "zh": "与本期已销售产品或商品对应的成本，制造业中计算方式为期初产成品加本期完工产品成本减期末产成品。它是库存周转率和存货周转天数的基础，销售额减销售成本即为毛利。" }, "related": [ "ending-inventory", "manufacturing-cost", "inventory-turnover", "days-inventory-outstanding" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cost-of-goods-sold" }, { "id": "return-on-assets", "type": "entry", "ja": "総資産利益率", "abbr": "ROA", "en": "Return on Assets", "zh": "总资产收益率", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "ROAは、企業が保有する総資産を使ってどれだけの利益を上げたかを示す指標で、ROA＝利益÷総資産（期中平均）で求めます。在庫を減らすと分母の総資産が小さくなるため、利益が同じでもROAは改善し、製造業では在庫削減の経営的な効果を説明する際に、売上高利益率と資産回転率に分解して示す使い方がされます。", "en": "A measure of profit generated from total assets: profit ÷ average total assets. Reducing inventory shrinks the denominator and raises ROA even with unchanged profit, which helps explain the business impact of inventory reduction.", "zh": "表示企业利用总资产获取多少利润的指标，计算方式为利润除以期中平均总资产。削减库存会使分母变小，即使利润不变也能提高总资产收益率，常用于说明库存削减的经营效果。" }, "related": [ "return-on-invested-capital", "inventories-asset", "inventory-reduction" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/return-on-assets" }, { "id": "return-on-invested-capital", "type": "entry", "ja": "投下資本利益率", "abbr": "ROIC", "en": "Return on Invested Capital", "zh": "投入资本回报率", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "ROICは、事業に投じた資本からどれだけの利益を生んだかを示す指標で、ROIC＝税引後営業利益÷投下資本（運転資本＋固定資産、または有利子負債＋株主資本）で求めます。資本コストを上回っているかで事業の価値創造を判断し、運転資本の主要部分である在庫の削減が工場や事業部の目標として落とし込まれる際の起点になります。", "en": "A measure of profit generated from capital invested in the business: after-tax operating profit ÷ invested capital (working capital + fixed assets). Compared with the cost of capital, it shows value creation and drives inventory targets at plant level.", "zh": "表示投入事业的资本产生多少利润的指标，计算方式为税后营业利润除以投入资本（营运资本加固定资产）。与资本成本比较可判断价值创造，也是将库存削减目标分解到工厂和事业部的起点。" }, "related": [ "return-on-assets", "cost-of-capital", "working-capital" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/return-on-invested-capital" }, { "id": "cost-of-capital", "type": "entry", "ja": "資本コスト", "abbr": null, "en": "Cost of Capital", "zh": "资本成本", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "資本コストは、事業に必要な資金を調達するために、債権者や株主が期待する収益率として企業が負担するコストのことで、加重平均資本コスト（WACC）で表すのが一般的です。在庫の保有コストを見積もる際の資金の機会費用として使われ、在庫金額に資本コスト率を掛けることで、在庫を持つことの見えにくい負担を金額で示せます。", "en": "The return expected by lenders and shareholders, borne by the company to raise funds, commonly expressed as WACC. It is used as the capital component of inventory carrying cost: inventory value × cost of capital rate.", "zh": "企业为筹集事业所需资金而承担的、债权人和股东所期望的收益率，通常以加权平均资本成本表示。在估算库存持有成本时用作资金机会成本，以库存金额乘以资本成本率可量化持有库存的隐性负担。" }, "related": [ "inventory-carrying-cost", "return-on-invested-capital", "working-capital" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cost-of-capital" }, { "id": "inventory-cash-conversion", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫の資金化", "abbr": null, "en": "Converting Inventory into Cash", "zh": "库存变现", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "在庫の資金化は、在庫に固定されている資金を、販売・消費・処分などによって現金に戻すことを指します。在庫削減で生まれる資金効果＝削減した在庫金額として一度きりで現れる点が保有コスト削減との違いで、製造業では滞留品の売却や仕入先への返品、発注量の抑制などを組み合わせ、運転資本の改善計画の中で目標額を設定します。", "en": "Turning cash tied up in inventory back into money through sales, consumption or disposal. The cash effect equals the inventory value reduced and occurs once, unlike recurring carrying cost savings.", "zh": "通过销售、消耗或处置等方式，将占用在库存中的资金转回现金。库存削减带来的资金效果等于削减的库存金额，且只发生一次，这一点不同于持续的持有成本节约。" }, "related": [ "working-capital", "inventory-reduction", "cash-conversion-cycle" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-cash-conversion" }, { "id": "inventory-shrinkage-loss", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸減耗損", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Shrinkage Loss", "zh": "存货盘亏损失", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸減耗損は、帳簿上の在庫数量と実地棚卸で確認した数量の差によって生じる損失で、棚卸減耗損＝（帳簿数量－実地数量）×単価で求めます。紛失・盗難・自然減のほか、入出庫の記録漏れが原因であることも多いため、製造業では金額の処理だけで終わらせず、差異の大きい品目から記録手順を見直すことが重要です。", "en": "A loss arising from the difference between book quantity and physically counted quantity: (book qty − counted qty) × unit cost. Causes include loss, theft and evaporation as well as missing transaction records.", "zh": "由账面库存数量与实地盘点数量之差产生的损失，计算方式为账面数量减实盘数量再乘以单价。除丢失、盗窃和自然损耗外，出入库记录遗漏也是常见原因。" }, "related": [ "ending-inventory", "spoilage-cost", "inventory-write-down" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-shrinkage-loss" }, { "id": "variance-allocation", "type": "entry", "ja": "原価差額の配賦", "abbr": null, "en": "Allocation of Cost Variances", "zh": "成本差异分摊", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "原価差額の配賦は、標準原価計算で生じた原価差異を、期末に売上原価と棚卸資産へ按分して実際原価に近づける手続きです。差異が少額であれば全額を売上原価に含めることも認められていますが、多額の場合は期末在庫にも配賦する必要があり、その金額によって期末の在庫金額と当期利益が変わります。", "en": "Apportioning variances from standard costing between COGS and inventories at period end to approximate actual cost. Small variances may go entirely to COGS, but large ones must also be allocated to ending inventory, affecting its value and profit.", "zh": "期末将标准成本核算中产生的成本差异按比例分摊到销售成本和存货，以接近实际成本的程序。差异较小时可全部计入销售成本，金额较大时则须分摊至期末存货，从而影响库存金额和当期利润。" }, "related": [ "cost-variance", "standard-cost", "actual-cost", "ending-inventory" ], "references": [ "原価計算基準" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/variance-allocation" }, { "id": "ias-2", "type": "entry", "ja": "IAS第2号「棚卸資産」", "abbr": "IAS 2", "en": "IAS 2 Inventories", "zh": "国际会计准则第2号——存货", "category": "財務・会計", "definition": { "ja": "IAS第2号は、国際財務報告基準（IFRS）の一部として棚卸資産の会計処理を定めた基準で、取得原価に含める範囲、原価の算定方法、正味売却価額への切り下げなどを扱います。後入先出法を認めないことや、条件を満たせば評価損の戻入れを行うことが特徴で、IFRSを適用する製造業は日本基準との差を在庫評価の手順に反映させる必要があります。", "en": "The IFRS standard on inventory accounting, covering what to include in cost, cost formulas and write-down to net realizable value. It prohibits LIFO and requires reversal of write-downs when conditions are met.", "zh": "国际财务报告准则中规定存货会计处理的准则，涉及成本构成范围、成本计算方法和减记至可变现净值等。其特点是不允许后进先出法，并在满足条件时要求转回减值。" }, "related": [ "inventories-asset", "net-realizable-value", "inventory-write-down", "fifo-costing" ], "references": [ "IAS 2 Inventories" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/ias-2" }, { "id": "safety-stock", "type": "entry", "ja": "安全在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Safety Stock", "zh": "安全库存", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "安全在庫は、需要やリードタイムのばらつきによる欠品を防ぐために、平均的な使用量とは別に持っておく在庫です。需要が正規分布に従い、リードタイムが一定と仮定すると、安全在庫＝安全係数×需要の標準偏差（1期間あたり）×√リードタイム（期間数）で求めます。製造業では部品ごとに目標サービス率から安全係数を決め、発注点や補充点の計算に組み込みます。", "en": "Inventory held in addition to expected usage to protect against stockouts caused by variability in demand and lead time. Assuming normally distributed demand and constant lead time, safety stock = safety factor x demand standard deviation per period x square root of lead time.", "zh": "为应对需求和交货期波动导致的缺货，在平均用量之外额外持有的库存。假设需求服从正态分布且交货期固定，安全库存＝安全系数×每期需求标准差×交货期的平方根。" }, "related": [ "safety-factor", "reorder-point", "service-level", "lead-time-variability" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/safety-stock" }, { "id": "safety-factor", "type": "entry", "ja": "安全係数", "abbr": null, "en": "Safety Factor", "zh": "安全系数", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "安全係数は、安全在庫の計算で需要のばらつき（標準偏差）に掛ける倍率で、目標とする欠品しない確率から標準正規分布を使って決まります。サイクルサービス率95%なら約1.65、99%なら約2.33が目安です。率を上げるほど係数は急に大きくなるため、製造業では品目の重要度に応じて係数を分けて設定するのが一般的です。", "en": "The multiplier applied to demand variability (standard deviation) when calculating safety stock, derived from the target probability of not stocking out using the standard normal distribution; about 1.65 for 95% and 2.33 for 99% cycle service level.", "zh": "计算安全库存时乘以需求波动（标准差）的倍数，根据目标不缺货概率由标准正态分布确定。周期服务水平95%约为1.65，99%约为2.33。" }, "related": [ "safety-stock", "cycle-service-level", "service-level" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/safety-factor" }, { "id": "reorder-point", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注点", "abbr": null, "en": "Reorder Point", "zh": "订货点", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注点は、在庫がその水準まで下がったら発注をかけると決めた在庫量です。発注点＝1期間あたりの平均需要×リードタイム（期間数）＋安全在庫で求め、リードタイム中に消費される量と、そのばらつきへの備えを合わせた値になります。製造業では手配済みの発注残も含めた有効在庫で発注点と比較しないと、二重発注が起きやすくなります。", "en": "The inventory level at which a new order is triggered. Reorder point = average demand per period x lead time + safety stock, covering expected consumption during the lead time plus a buffer against its variability.", "zh": "库存降至该水平时即发出订单的库存量。订货点＝每期平均需求×交货期＋安全库存，覆盖交货期内的预期消耗及其波动。" }, "related": [ "reorder-point-system", "safety-stock", "procurement-lead-time", "open-purchase-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/reorder-point" }, { "id": "reorder-point-system", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注点方式", "abbr": null, "en": "Reorder Point System", "zh": "订货点法", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注点方式は、在庫を常時監視し、在庫量が発注点を下回った時点で発注する補充方式です。発注量を一定にすれば定量発注方式、補充点までの差分を発注すれば(s,S)方式になります。需要が比較的安定した汎用部品や消耗品に向き、在庫の継続的な把握が前提となるため、受払の記録精度が運用の要になります。", "en": "A replenishment method that continuously monitors inventory and places an order when stock falls below the reorder point. With a fixed order quantity it becomes the fixed order quantity system; ordering up to a target level gives the (s, S) policy.", "zh": "持续监控库存，当库存低于订货点时发出订单的补货方式。订货量固定即为定量订货法，补至目标水平即为(s,S)策略。" }, "related": [ "reorder-point", "fixed-order-quantity-system", "s-q-policy", "s-s-policy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/reorder-point-system" }, { "id": "fixed-order-quantity-system", "type": "entry", "ja": "定量発注方式", "abbr": null, "en": "Fixed Order Quantity System", "zh": "定量订货法", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "定量発注方式は、在庫が発注点まで下がるたびに、あらかじめ決めた一定量を発注する方式です。発注のタイミングは不定期ですが量は一定で、発注量には経済的発注量や取引先の発注ロットが使われます。単価が安く需要が安定した部品に適し、運用が単純な一方、需要が大きく変動する品目では欠品や過剰在庫を招きやすくなります。", "en": "A method that orders a predetermined fixed quantity each time inventory falls to the reorder point. Order timing varies but quantity is constant, often set to the economic order quantity or the supplier lot size.", "zh": "每当库存降至订货点时订购预定固定数量的方式。订货时间不固定但数量固定，订货量常采用经济订货批量或供应商批量。" }, "related": [ "reorder-point-system", "s-q-policy", "economic-order-quantity", "order-lot-size" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fixed-order-quantity-system" }, { "id": "periodic-review-system", "type": "entry", "ja": "定期発注方式", "abbr": null, "en": "Periodic Review System", "zh": "定期订货法", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "定期発注方式は、週次や月次など決まった間隔で在庫を確認し、その都度必要量を計算して発注する方式です。発注量＝（発注間隔＋リードタイム）の予測需要＋安全在庫−現在庫−発注残で求めるのが基本形です。重要度が高く金額の大きい品目や、需要変動が大きい品目に向き、発注業務を曜日単位でまとめやすい利点があります。", "en": "A method that reviews inventory at fixed intervals and calculates the order quantity each time. A basic form is order quantity = forecast demand over (review interval + lead time) + safety stock - on-hand - on-order.", "zh": "按周或月等固定间隔检查库存并每次计算订货量的方式。基本公式：订货量＝(订货间隔＋交货期)内预测需求＋安全库存－现有库存－在途订单。" }, "related": [ "r-s-policy", "order-cycle", "safety-stock", "periodic-replenishment" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/periodic-review-system" }, { "id": "fixed-interval-fixed-quantity", "type": "entry", "ja": "定期定量発注／定期定量", "abbr": null, "en": "Fixed-Interval Fixed-Quantity Ordering", "zh": "定期定量订货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "定期定量発注は、発注の間隔も1回あたりの数量もあらかじめ固定しておく方式です。計算がほとんど不要で取引先も生産計画を立てやすい反面、需要の変化に追従しないため、在庫が徐々に積み上がったり不足したりします。製造業では需要が極めて安定した梱包材や定番の消耗品などに限って使われることが多い方式です。", "en": "A method in which both the ordering interval and the quantity per order are fixed in advance. It is simple and predictable for suppliers but does not follow demand changes, so inventory can drift up or down.", "zh": "订货间隔和每次订货数量都预先固定的方式。几乎无需计算、便于供应商安排，但不随需求变化调整，库存容易逐渐偏高或偏低。" }, "related": [ "fixed-order-quantity-system", "periodic-review-system", "variable-interval-variable-quantity" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fixed-interval-fixed-quantity" }, { "id": "variable-interval-variable-quantity", "type": "entry", "ja": "不定期不定量発注／不定期不定量", "abbr": null, "en": "Variable-Interval Variable-Quantity Ordering", "zh": "不定期不定量订货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "不定期不定量発注は、発注の時期も数量も固定せず、需要や在庫の状況に応じてその都度判断する方式です。受注生産の専用部品やスポット購入品のように、需要が個別の案件に依存する品目で使われます。柔軟性は最も高い一方、担当者の判断に依存しやすいため、所要量計算や発注根拠をシステムで残すことが重要になります。", "en": "A method in which neither the timing nor the quantity of orders is fixed; each order is decided based on current demand and stock. It suits project-specific or one-off purchased items.", "zh": "订货时间和数量均不固定、根据需求和库存情况逐次判断的方式。适用于按单生产的专用零件或临时采购品。" }, "related": [ "fixed-interval-fixed-quantity", "make-to-order", "ordering-operations" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/variable-interval-variable-quantity" }, { "id": "s-q-policy", "type": "entry", "ja": "(s,Q)方式", "abbr": null, "en": "(s, Q) Policy", "zh": "(s,Q)策略", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "(s,Q)方式は、在庫ポジション（現在庫＋発注残−引当済）が発注点sを下回ったら、一定量Qを発注する在庫補充ルールです。定量発注方式を数式で表したもので、Qには経済的発注量、sには平均需要×リードタイム＋安全在庫が使われます。需要の一回あたりの量が大きいと発注点を大きく割り込むことがあり、その場合は(s,S)方式の方が安定します。", "en": "An inventory rule that orders a fixed quantity Q when inventory position (on-hand + on-order - allocated) drops below the reorder point s. It is the formal expression of the fixed order quantity system.", "zh": "当库存头寸（现有＋在途－已分配）低于订货点s时，订购固定数量Q的补货规则，是定量订货法的数学表达。" }, "related": [ "fixed-order-quantity-system", "s-s-policy", "reorder-point", "economic-order-quantity" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/s-q-policy" }, { "id": "s-s-policy", "type": "entry", "ja": "(s,S)方式", "abbr": null, "en": "(s, S) Policy", "zh": "(s,S)策略", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "(s,S)方式は、在庫ポジションが発注点sを下回ったら、補充点Sまで戻る量（S−在庫ポジション）を発注する補充ルールです。発注量は毎回変わりますが、まとめて大量に出庫されても補充後の水準が一定に保たれます。製造業では最小在庫・最大在庫の設定として実装されることが多く、Min/Max方式とも呼ばれます。", "en": "A replenishment rule that, when inventory position falls below the reorder point s, orders enough (S minus inventory position) to bring it back up to the order-up-to level S. It is often implemented as min/max settings.", "zh": "当库存头寸低于订货点s时，订购补至最高水平S所需数量（S－库存头寸）的补货规则，常以最小/最大库存设置实现。" }, "related": [ "s-q-policy", "order-up-to-level", "minimum-inventory-level", "maximum-inventory-level" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/s-s-policy" }, { "id": "r-s-policy", "type": "entry", "ja": "(R,S)方式", "abbr": null, "en": "(R, S) Policy", "zh": "(R,S)策略", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "(R,S)方式は、R期間ごとに在庫ポジションを確認し、補充点Sまでの不足分を発注する定期補充のルールです。Sは（R＋リードタイム）期間の平均需要＋安全在庫で決め、安全在庫には√(R＋リードタイム)を使うため、定量発注より安全在庫が大きくなる傾向があります。複数品目を同じ仕入先へまとめて発注したい場合に適しています。", "en": "A periodic replenishment rule that reviews inventory position every R periods and orders up to level S. S is set as average demand over R plus lead time plus safety stock, which uses the square root of (R + lead time).", "zh": "每隔R期检查库存头寸并补至最高水平S的定期补货规则。S＝(R＋交货期)内平均需求＋安全库存，安全库存使用(R＋交货期)的平方根。" }, "related": [ "periodic-review-system", "order-up-to-level", "safety-stock", "periodic-replenishment" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/r-s-policy" }, { "id": "two-bin-system", "type": "entry", "ja": "ダブルビン方式／二棚法", "abbr": null, "en": "Two-Bin System", "zh": "双箱法", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "ダブルビン方式は、同じ部品を二つの箱（棚）に分けて置き、一方が空になったらその箱を発注の合図にする補充方法です。二つ目の箱の量が発注点に相当し、在庫数を数えなくても目で見て補充できます。ねじやワッシャーのような低単価・多品種の部品で使われ、空箱の回収と発注入力を確実につなぐ仕組みづくりが運用の鍵です。", "en": "A replenishment method that splits stock of a part into two bins; when one empties, the empty bin itself signals an order. The second bin effectively acts as the reorder point, allowing visual control without counting.", "zh": "将同一零件分装两个箱子，一个用空即作为订货信号的补货方法。第二个箱子的数量相当于订货点，无需点数即可目视管理。" }, "related": [ "reorder-point-system", "kanban-system", "pull-replenishment" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/two-bin-system" }, { "id": "kanban-system", "type": "entry", "ja": "かんばん方式", "abbr": null, "en": "Kanban System", "zh": "看板方式", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "かんばん方式は、後工程が使った分だけを前工程や仕入先に引き取りに行く、カードや電子信号を使ったプル型の補充・生産指示の仕組みです。必要なかんばん枚数は、（日当たり需要×（リードタイム＋安全日数））÷1箱の収容数で求めるのが一般的です。かんばん枚数が工程間在庫の上限を決めるため、枚数を減らすことが在庫削減と改善の手段になります。", "en": "A pull-based replenishment and production signal system in which downstream processes withdraw only what they used from upstream or suppliers, using cards or electronic signals. The number of kanbans is typically daily demand x (lead time + safety days) / container quantity.", "zh": "后工序只向前工序或供应商领取已用掉部分的拉动式补货与生产指示系统，使用卡片或电子信号。看板数量一般为日需求×(交货期＋安全天数)÷每箱容量。" }, "related": [ "pull-replenishment", "two-bin-system", "push-replenishment" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/kanban-system" }, { "id": "economic-order-quantity", "type": "entry", "ja": "経済的発注量", "abbr": "EOQ", "en": "Economic Order Quantity", "zh": "经济订货批量", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "経済的発注量は、発注費用と保管費用の合計が最小になる1回あたりの発注量です。年間需要量をD、1回の発注費用をS、1単位あたりの年間保管費用をHとすると、EOQ＝√(2×D×S÷H)で求めます。需要一定・欠品なし・一括入荷などの前提に基づくため、製造業では最小発注数量や数量割引、保管スペースの制約で補正して使います。", "en": "The order quantity that minimizes the sum of ordering and holding costs. With annual demand D, cost per order S and annual holding cost per unit H, EOQ = square root of (2DS/H), under assumptions of constant demand and no shortages.", "zh": "使订货成本与持有成本之和最小的每次订货量。设年需求量D、每次订货成本S、单位年持有成本H，则EOQ＝√(2DS/H)，前提是需求稳定且不缺货。" }, "related": [ "ordering-cost", "holding-cost-ordering", "quantity-discount", "minimum-order-quantity" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/economic-order-quantity" }, { "id": "ordering-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注費用", "abbr": null, "en": "Ordering Cost", "zh": "订货成本", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注費用は、1回の発注ごとに発生する費用で、発注書の作成・承認、取引先との調整、受入検査、支払処理などの手間が含まれます。発注量に関係なく1回あたりで発生するため、まとめて発注するほど1個あたりの負担は下がります。経済的発注量の計算に使う値で、製造業では段取り替えの費用を同じ扱いにして生産ロットを決めることもあります。", "en": "The cost incurred per order regardless of quantity, including preparing and approving purchase orders, supplier coordination, receiving inspection and payment processing. It is a key input to the economic order quantity.", "zh": "每次订货产生的与数量无关的成本，包括订单编制审批、供应商协调、收货检验和付款处理等。是经济订货批量计算的关键输入。" }, "related": [ "economic-order-quantity", "holding-cost-ordering", "order-lot-size" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/ordering-cost" }, { "id": "holding-cost-ordering", "type": "entry", "ja": "保管費用（発注計算）／在庫保管費用", "abbr": null, "en": "Holding Cost in Order Calculation", "zh": "持有成本（订货计算）", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注計算での保管費用は、在庫1単位を一定期間持ち続けるのにかかる費用で、資金の金利、倉庫・保険費用、劣化や陳腐化のリスクなどを含みます。通常は単価×年間保管費率（例えば年20〜25%）として扱います。経済的発注量では発注費用と釣り合う点を探すために使われ、保管費率を低く見積もるとロットが過大になりがちです。", "en": "In order calculations, the cost of carrying one unit of inventory for a period, including capital cost, storage, insurance and obsolescence risk. It is usually expressed as unit cost x annual carrying rate and balanced against ordering cost in EOQ.", "zh": "订货计算中持有一单位库存一定期间的成本，包括资金利息、仓储保险及陈旧风险，通常以单价×年持有费率表示，在EOQ中与订货成本平衡。" }, "related": [ "economic-order-quantity", "ordering-cost" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/holding-cost-ordering" }, { "id": "order-cycle", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注サイクル／発注間隔", "abbr": null, "en": "Order Cycle", "zh": "订货周期", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注サイクルは、ある発注から次の発注までの時間間隔です。定量発注方式では年間需要量÷発注量で年間の発注回数が決まり、その逆数が平均的な発注サイクルになります。定期発注方式ではサイクルを先に決め、その長さに応じて安全在庫やサイクル在庫の量が変わるため、仕入先の出荷日や生産計画の周期とそろえて設定します。", "en": "The time interval between successive orders. In a fixed-quantity system the average cycle is order quantity divided by demand; in a periodic system the cycle is set first and drives safety and cycle stock.", "zh": "相邻两次订货之间的时间间隔。定量订货法中平均周期为订货量÷需求量；定期订货法中先确定周期，再据此决定安全库存和周期库存。" }, "related": [ "periodic-review-system", "economic-order-quantity", "planning-cycle" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/order-cycle" }, { "id": "procurement-lead-time", "type": "entry", "ja": "調達リードタイム", "abbr": null, "en": "Procurement Lead Time", "zh": "采购交货期", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "調達リードタイムは、発注の必要を認識してから品物が入荷し使用可能になるまでの時間です。社内の発注処理、仕入先の製造・出荷、輸送、受入検査の各時間の合計として捉えます。安全在庫や発注点はこの長さに比例して大きくなるため、製造業では仕入先別・品目別に実績値を測り、マスタの設定値と定期的に突き合わせることが重要です。", "en": "The time from recognizing the need to order until the item is received and available for use, including internal processing, supplier production and shipping, transport and inspection. Safety stock and reorder points grow with it.", "zh": "从认识到需要订货到物品入库并可使用的时间，包括内部处理、供应商生产与发货、运输和收货检验。安全库存和订货点随其增长。" }, "related": [ "lead-time-variability", "reorder-point", "safety-stock" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/procurement-lead-time" }, { "id": "lead-time-variability", "type": "entry", "ja": "リードタイムのばらつき", "abbr": null, "en": "Lead Time Variability", "zh": "交货期波动", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "リードタイムのばらつきは、発注から入荷までの日数が回ごとに変動することです。需要とリードタイムの両方がばらつく場合、安全在庫＝安全係数×√(平均リードタイム×需要の分散＋平均需要²×リードタイムの分散)で近似します。海外調達や混載輸送では需要変動より影響が大きくなることも多く、納期実績の記録が欠かせません。", "en": "The variation in the number of days from order to receipt. When both demand and lead time vary, safety stock can be approximated as safety factor x square root of (mean lead time x demand variance + mean demand squared x lead time variance).", "zh": "从订货到收货天数的逐次变动。需求与交货期都波动时，安全库存≈安全系数×√(平均交货期×需求方差＋平均需求²×交货期方差)。" }, "related": [ "procurement-lead-time", "safety-stock", "supplier-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lead-time-variability" }, { "id": "service-level", "type": "entry", "ja": "サービス率／サービスレベル", "abbr": null, "en": "Service Level", "zh": "服务水平", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "サービス率は、在庫によって需要にどれだけ応えられたかを表す指標の総称です。代表的なものに、補充サイクル中に欠品しない確率を示すサイクルサービス率と、需要量のうち即納できた割合を示すフィルレートがあります。どちらの定義かで必要な安全在庫が大きく変わるため、製造業では目標値を設定する際に定義を明記することが重要です。", "en": "A general term for measures of how well inventory meets demand. The main types are cycle service level (probability of no stockout per cycle) and fill rate (share of demand filled immediately); the definition chosen strongly affects required safety stock.", "zh": "衡量库存满足需求程度的指标总称，主要有周期服务水平（每个补货周期不缺货的概率）和满足率（需求中即时满足的比例），定义不同所需安全库存差异很大。" }, "related": [ "cycle-service-level", "fill-rate", "stockout-rate", "safety-factor" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/service-level" }, { "id": "cycle-service-level", "type": "entry", "ja": "サイクルサービス率", "abbr": null, "en": "Cycle Service Level", "zh": "周期服务水平", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "サイクルサービス率は、一回の補充サイクルの間に欠品が一度も起きない確率です。リードタイム中の需要が正規分布に従うと仮定すると、安全係数zに対して標準正規分布の累積確率がそのまま率になります（z＝1.65なら約95%）。欠品の量は考慮しないため、発注回数が多い品目では率が高くても欠品回数が増えることに注意が必要です。", "en": "The probability that no stockout occurs during a replenishment cycle. Assuming normally distributed lead-time demand, it equals the cumulative normal probability of the safety factor z (about 95% for z = 1.65).", "zh": "一个补货周期内不发生缺货的概率。假设交货期内需求服从正态分布，其值等于安全系数z对应的标准正态累积概率（z＝1.65时约95%）。" }, "related": [ "service-level", "safety-factor", "fill-rate" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cycle-service-level" }, { "id": "fill-rate", "type": "entry", "ja": "フィルレート／充足率", "abbr": null, "en": "Fill Rate", "zh": "满足率", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "フィルレートは、需要量（または受注行数）のうち、手持ち在庫から即座に出荷・供給できた割合です。フィルレート＝1−（期間中の欠品数量÷期間中の需要数量）で求めます。欠品の量まで反映するため顧客の体感に近く、同じ安全在庫でもサイクルサービス率より高い値になるのが普通で、両者を混同すると在庫を過大に見積もります。", "en": "The share of demand quantity (or order lines) shipped immediately from stock on hand. Fill rate = 1 - (shortage quantity / demand quantity) over the period; it is usually higher than cycle service level for the same safety stock.", "zh": "需求量（或订单行）中由现有库存即时满足的比例。满足率＝1－(期间缺货量÷期间需求量)，相同安全库存下通常高于周期服务水平。" }, "related": [ "service-level", "cycle-service-level", "stockout-rate" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fill-rate" }, { "id": "stockout-rate", "type": "entry", "ja": "欠品率", "abbr": null, "en": "Stockout Rate", "zh": "缺货率", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "欠品率は、需要や受注に対して在庫不足で応えられなかった割合です。数量ベースなら欠品数量÷需要数量、件数ベースなら欠品した受注行数÷総受注行数で計算し、フィルレートとは表裏の関係になります。製造業では部品欠品による生産停止や組立待ちの発生回数と合わせて追い、安全在庫や発注点の見直しの根拠にします。", "en": "The proportion of demand or orders that could not be met due to insufficient stock, measured by quantity or by order lines. It is the complement of fill rate.", "zh": "因库存不足而未能满足的需求或订单比例，可按数量或订单行计算，与满足率互为补数。" }, "related": [ "fill-rate", "stockout-cost", "backorder" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stockout-rate" }, { "id": "replenishment", "type": "entry", "ja": "補充", "abbr": null, "en": "Replenishment", "zh": "补货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "補充は、消費や出荷で減った在庫を、発注・生産・移動によって所定の水準まで戻す活動です。いつ・どれだけ補うかを決めるルールが補充方式で、発注点方式や定期発注方式、かんばん方式などがあります。製造業では仕入先からの購買補充、自社工程での生産補充、倉庫からラインサイドへの補充を区別して設計するのが一般的です。", "en": "The activity of restoring inventory depleted by consumption or shipment to a target level through ordering, production or transfer. Replenishment policies define when and how much to replenish.", "zh": "通过订货、生产或调拨，将因消耗或出货而减少的库存恢复至规定水平的活动。补货策略规定何时补、补多少。" }, "related": [ "replenishment-planning", "reorder-point-system", "pull-replenishment" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/replenishment" }, { "id": "order-up-to-level", "type": "entry", "ja": "補充点／発注上限在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Order-up-to Level", "zh": "补货上限水平", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "補充点は、発注時に在庫ポジションをその水準まで戻すと決めた目標在庫量で、(s,S)方式や(R,S)方式のSに当たります。定期補充では補充点＝（発注間隔＋リードタイム）の平均需要＋安全在庫で決め、発注量＝補充点−在庫ポジションとなります。補充点を高くすると欠品は減りますが、平均在庫も同じだけ増える点を踏まえて設定します。", "en": "The target level to which inventory position is raised when an order is placed, corresponding to S in (s, S) and (R, S) policies. In periodic review it equals average demand over (review interval + lead time) plus safety stock.", "zh": "下单时将库存头寸补至的目标水平，相当于(s,S)和(R,S)策略中的S。定期补货中等于(订货间隔＋交货期)内平均需求＋安全库存。" }, "related": [ "s-s-policy", "r-s-policy", "maximum-inventory-level" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/order-up-to-level" }, { "id": "maximum-inventory-level", "type": "entry", "ja": "最大在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Maximum Inventory Level", "zh": "最大库存", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "最大在庫は、品目ごとに許容する在庫量の上限です。補充の目標値として使う場合は補充点と同じ意味になり、保管スペースや資金、使用期限の制約から上限として設定する場合もあります。運用上は最大在庫＝最小在庫（発注点）＋発注ロットで簡易に決めることが多く、超過した品目を定期的に抽出して発注ルールを見直します。", "en": "The upper limit of inventory allowed for an item, used either as a replenishment target or as a constraint from space, cash or shelf life. In practice it is often set as minimum level plus order lot.", "zh": "每个品目允许的库存上限，可作为补货目标或基于空间、资金、保质期的约束。实务中常设为最小库存＋订货批量。" }, "related": [ "minimum-inventory-level", "order-up-to-level", "s-s-policy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/maximum-inventory-level" }, { "id": "minimum-inventory-level", "type": "entry", "ja": "最小在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Minimum Inventory Level", "zh": "最小库存", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "最小在庫は、品目ごとに下回ってはならないと定めた在庫量の下限で、Min/Max方式では発注点として使われます。リードタイム中の平均需要と安全在庫の合計を目安に設定するのが一般的です。製造業ではシステム上の最小在庫が実際の消費ペースと合わずに放置されていることが多く、使用実績から定期的に再計算することが在庫適正化の第一歩になります。", "en": "The lower limit of inventory set for an item, used as the reorder point in min/max systems. It is typically set as average lead-time demand plus safety stock.", "zh": "为品目设定的库存下限，在最小/最大法中作为订货点使用，一般设为交货期内平均需求与安全库存之和。" }, "related": [ "maximum-inventory-level", "reorder-point", "s-s-policy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/minimum-inventory-level" }, { "id": "open-purchase-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注残", "abbr": null, "en": "Open Purchase Order", "zh": "未交订单", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注残は、発注済みでまだ入荷していない数量のことです。在庫ポジション＝現在庫＋発注残−引当済数量として発注判断に使い、発注残を見落とすと同じ不足に対して二重に発注してしまいます。製造業では納期を過ぎた発注残の督促や、計画変更で不要になった発注残の取消・延期を定期的に行うことが在庫管理の重要な業務です。", "en": "Quantity that has been ordered but not yet received. It is used in inventory position (on-hand + on-order - allocated) for ordering decisions; ignoring it leads to duplicate orders.", "zh": "已下单但尚未收货的数量。用于计算库存头寸（现有＋在途－已分配）以判断订货，忽略它会导致重复订货。" }, "related": [ "scheduled-receipt", "reorder-point", "backorder" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/open-purchase-order" }, { "id": "scheduled-receipt", "type": "entry", "ja": "入荷予定", "abbr": null, "en": "Scheduled Receipt", "zh": "预计到货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "入荷予定は、発注残や製造指図について、いつ何個入ってくるかを日付付きで示した予定情報です。所要量計算では各期の入荷予定を在庫に加えたうえで不足を計算するため、予定日の精度がそのまま計画の精度を左右します。仕入先の納期回答を入荷予定に反映し、遅延を早く把握する仕組みが部品欠品の予防につながります。", "en": "Dated information on when and how many units will arrive against open purchase or production orders. Requirement calculations add scheduled receipts to inventory before computing shortages, so date accuracy drives plan accuracy.", "zh": "针对未交采购订单或生产订单，标明何时到货多少的计划信息。需求计算先加上预计到货再算缺口，因此日期准确性决定计划准确性。" }, "related": [ "open-purchase-order", "replenishment-planning", "expedited-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/scheduled-receipt" }, { "id": "order-lot-size", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注ロット／発注単位", "abbr": null, "en": "Order Lot Size", "zh": "订货批量", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注ロットは、1回の発注で手配する数量の単位や大きさです。経済的発注量のように費用から決める場合と、箱入数・パレット単位・仕入先の最小発注数量など取引条件から決まる場合があります。ロットが大きいほど発注回数は減りますが、サイクル在庫（平均でロットの半分）が増えるため、在庫金額との釣り合いで見直す必要があります。", "en": "The quantity or unit size ordered at one time, determined by cost (such as EOQ) or by trading conditions like case quantity, pallet size or supplier minimums. Larger lots mean fewer orders but higher cycle stock (about half the lot on average).", "zh": "每次订货的数量或单位，可按成本（如EOQ）或按箱入数、托盘单位、供应商最低起订量等交易条件确定。批量越大订货次数越少，但周期库存（平均约为批量一半）越高。" }, "related": [ "economic-order-quantity", "minimum-order-quantity", "order-rounding" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/order-lot-size" }, { "id": "minimum-order-quantity", "type": "entry", "ja": "最小発注数量", "abbr": "MOQ", "en": "Minimum Order Quantity", "zh": "最小起订量", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "最小発注数量は、仕入先が1回の注文で受け付ける最低の数量です。所要量がMOQに満たない場合でもMOQまで発注することになり、その差が余剰在庫として残ります。製造業では専用部品や海外調達品でMOQが大きくなりがちで、使用量に対して過大なMOQは長期滞留の主要因になるため、価格交渉と合わせて条件を見直します。", "en": "The smallest quantity a supplier accepts in a single order. When requirements are below the MOQ, the excess becomes surplus inventory, so large MOQs are a common cause of slow-moving stock.", "zh": "供应商单次订单接受的最低数量。需求不足MOQ时也须按MOQ订货，差额成为剩余库存，过大的MOQ是呆滞库存的常见原因。" }, "related": [ "order-lot-size", "order-rounding", "quantity-discount" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/minimum-order-quantity" }, { "id": "order-rounding", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注丸め", "abbr": null, "en": "Order Quantity Rounding", "zh": "订货量取整", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注丸めは、計算で求めた必要数量を、最小発注数量や発注単位（箱入数・倍数）に合わせて切り上げる処理です。例えば必要数37個で発注単位が12個なら48個に丸めます。丸めによる余り分は次回以降の需要に回る在庫となるため、単位が大きい品目では丸め後の過剰分を把握し、単位の見直し交渉に役立てます。", "en": "The process of rounding a calculated requirement up to the minimum order quantity or order multiple, such as case quantity. For example, 37 units with a multiple of 12 becomes 48.", "zh": "将计算出的需求量按最小起订量或订货倍数（如箱入数）向上取整的处理。例如需求37个、倍数12个时取整为48个。" }, "related": [ "minimum-order-quantity", "order-lot-size" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/order-rounding" }, { "id": "replenishment-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "補充計画", "abbr": null, "en": "Replenishment Planning", "zh": "补货计划", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "補充計画は、需要予測・在庫・発注残・リードタイムをもとに、品目と拠点ごとにいつ何個を補充するかを先々まで計画することです。各期の予測在庫が安全在庫を下回る時点で補充を立て、入荷予定と合わせて時系列で示します。工場の部品倉庫や物流拠点ごとに計画し、生産計画や購買計画へ連携させるのが一般的です。", "en": "Planning, for each item and location, when and how much to replenish over a horizon based on forecasts, inventory, open orders and lead times. Replenishments are scheduled when projected stock falls below safety stock.", "zh": "基于需求预测、库存、在途订单和交货期，按品目和地点规划未来何时补货多少。当预计库存低于安全库存时安排补货。" }, "related": [ "replenishment", "scheduled-receipt", "psi-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/replenishment-planning" }, { "id": "pull-replenishment", "type": "entry", "ja": "プル型補充", "abbr": null, "en": "Pull Replenishment", "zh": "拉动式补货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "プル型補充は、実際の消費や出荷が起きたことをきっかけに、使った分を補う補充の考え方です。かんばん方式やダブルビン方式、発注点方式が代表例で、予測への依存が小さく在庫が積み上がりにくい特徴があります。一方、需要が急増すると補充が追いつかないため、製造業では長納期品や季節品にはプッシュ型を組み合わせて使います。", "en": "A replenishment approach triggered by actual consumption or shipments, replacing what was used. Kanban, two-bin and reorder point systems are typical; it relies little on forecasts but can lag sudden demand increases.", "zh": "以实际消耗或出货为触发，补充已用部分的补货思路。看板、双箱法和订货点法是典型，较少依赖预测，但需求急增时可能跟不上。" }, "related": [ "push-replenishment", "kanban-system", "two-bin-system", "demand-driven" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/pull-replenishment" }, { "id": "push-replenishment", "type": "entry", "ja": "プッシュ型補充", "abbr": null, "en": "Push Replenishment", "zh": "推动式补货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "プッシュ型補充は、需要予測や計画に基づいて、消費が起きる前に在庫を拠点や工程へ送り込む補充の考え方です。MRPによる所要量計算や、販売計画に沿った拠点への配分が代表例です。長いリードタイムや季節需要に先回りできる反面、予測が外れると過剰在庫が生じやすいため、予測精度の管理と実績との差異の監視が欠かせません。", "en": "A replenishment approach that moves inventory to locations or processes ahead of consumption based on forecasts and plans, such as MRP-driven requirements. It anticipates long lead times but risks excess stock when forecasts miss.", "zh": "根据需求预测和计划，在消耗发生前将库存送到各地点或工序的补货思路，如MRP需求计算。可应对长交货期，但预测偏差时易产生过剩库存。" }, "related": [ "pull-replenishment", "replenishment-planning", "advance-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/push-replenishment" }, { "id": "advance-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "先行発注", "abbr": null, "en": "Advance Ordering", "zh": "提前订货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "先行発注は、正式な所要量や受注が確定する前に、予測や内示に基づいて部品や材料を手配しておくことです。調達リードタイムが製品の納期より長い品目で、納期を守るために使われます。需要が実現しなかった場合の在庫リスクを負うため、製造業では対象品目と発注上限を決め、顧客と残材の取り扱いを取り決めておくことが重要です。", "en": "Ordering parts or materials based on forecasts or informal notices before requirements or customer orders are confirmed, used when procurement lead time exceeds the delivery lead time promised to customers.", "zh": "在正式需求或订单确定前，根据预测或预示信息提前安排零件或材料，用于采购交货期长于对客户承诺交期的品目。" }, "related": [ "push-replenishment", "procurement-lead-time", "strategic-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/advance-order" }, { "id": "expedited-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "緊急発注／特急手配", "abbr": null, "en": "Expedited Order", "zh": "紧急订货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "緊急発注は、欠品や計画変更に対応するため、通常のリードタイムや手順を短縮して行う臨時の発注です。特急料金や航空便などの追加費用がかかり、仕入先の他の納期にも影響します。頻発する品目は安全在庫や発注点の設定、リードタイムのマスタ値に問題があるサインであり、件数と理由を記録して根本原因を潰すことが重要です。", "en": "An unscheduled order placed with shortened lead time or procedures to cover a shortage or plan change, often incurring premium freight or rush charges. Frequent expediting signals poorly set safety stock or lead times.", "zh": "为应对缺货或计划变更，缩短常规交货期或流程而发出的临时订单，常伴随加急费或空运等额外成本。频繁发生说明安全库存或交货期设置有问题。" }, "related": [ "stockout-cost", "procurement-lead-time", "safety-stock" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/expedited-order" }, { "id": "split-delivery", "type": "entry", "ja": "分割納入", "abbr": null, "en": "Split Delivery", "zh": "分批交货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "分割納入は、1件の発注数量を複数回に分け、日付を指定して少しずつ納入してもらう方法です。まとめて発注して価格条件を確保しつつ、手元の在庫は必要な時期に必要な分だけ持てるため、保管費用とスペースを抑えられます。製造業では生産計画に合わせた納入指示と、発注残の分納管理をシステムで行うことが前提になります。", "en": "A method of receiving a single order quantity in multiple scheduled deliveries. It secures volume pricing while keeping on-hand stock low, but requires managing partial receipts against the order.", "zh": "将一张订单的数量分多次、按指定日期交货的方式，既能获得批量价格，又能降低手头库存，但需管理订单的分批收货。" }, "related": [ "open-purchase-order", "order-lot-size", "scheduled-receipt" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/split-delivery" }, { "id": "periodic-replenishment", "type": "entry", "ja": "定期補充", "abbr": null, "en": "Periodic Replenishment", "zh": "定期补货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "定期補充は、毎日や毎週など決まったタイミングで在庫を確認し、補充点までの不足分を補う運用です。工場ではラインサイドへの部品供給や、倉庫から各拠点への定期便による補充として行われます。巡回ルートや作業時間を固定しやすいのが利点で、補充点＝（補充間隔＋補充リードタイム）の使用量＋安全量で設定します。", "en": "Replenishing at fixed times, such as daily or weekly, by topping inventory up to its target level. It is common for line-side supply and scheduled transfers between warehouses.", "zh": "按每天或每周等固定时间检查库存并补至目标水平的运作方式，常用于生产线边供料和仓库间的定期调拨。" }, "related": [ "r-s-policy", "periodic-review-system", "order-up-to-level" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/periodic-replenishment" }, { "id": "automatic-ordering", "type": "entry", "ja": "自動発注", "abbr": null, "en": "Automatic Ordering", "zh": "自动订货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "自動発注は、在庫や需要のデータをもとに、あらかじめ決めた補充ルールに従ってシステムが発注を起票する仕組みです。発注点や補充点、ロット、リードタイムなどのマスタ設定が正しいことが前提で、在庫の記録がずれていると誤発注を量産します。製造業では例外品目だけを人が確認する運用にし、発注業務の負担を減らすのが一般的な狙いです。", "en": "A mechanism in which a system creates orders automatically according to predefined replenishment rules using inventory and demand data. It depends on accurate master settings and inventory records.", "zh": "系统根据库存与需求数据，按预定补货规则自动生成订单的机制。前提是主数据设置和库存记录准确。" }, "related": [ "ordering-operations", "reorder-point-system", "replenishment-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/automatic-ordering" }, { "id": "ordering-operations", "type": "entry", "ja": "発注業務", "abbr": null, "en": "Ordering Operations", "zh": "订货业务", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "発注業務は、必要量の確認、発注数量と納期の決定、発注書の発行、納期回答の取得、督促、入荷との照合までの一連の仕事です。品目数が多い製造業では担当者の経験に依存しやすく、発注根拠が残らないことが過剰在庫や欠品の原因究明を難しくします。補充ルールの明文化と自動発注の活用で、判断が必要な例外に人手を集中させます。", "en": "The series of tasks from checking requirements, deciding quantities and dates, issuing purchase orders and obtaining delivery confirmations to expediting and matching receipts.", "zh": "从确认需求量、决定订货数量和交期、发出订单、获取交期答复、催货到与收货核对的一系列工作。" }, "related": [ "automatic-ordering", "open-purchase-order", "expedited-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/ordering-operations" }, { "id": "backorder", "type": "entry", "ja": "バックオーダー／受注残（欠品分）", "abbr": null, "en": "Backorder", "zh": "延期交货订单", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "バックオーダーは、在庫不足ですぐに出荷できず、入荷後に出荷することを約束して残している受注のことです。顧客が待ってくれる場合に発生し、待ってもらえなければ機会損失になります。在庫ポジションの計算ではバックオーダー分を差し引いて扱い、件数や平均待ち日数を追うことで、在庫政策が顧客に与えている影響を把握できます。", "en": "Customer orders that cannot be shipped due to insufficient stock and are kept open for shipment after replenishment. If customers will not wait, the demand becomes lost sales instead.", "zh": "因库存不足无法立即发货、承诺到货后再发货而保留的客户订单。客户不愿等待时则成为机会损失。" }, "related": [ "stockout-cost", "lost-sales", "stockout-rate" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/backorder" }, { "id": "stockout-cost", "type": "entry", "ja": "欠品コスト", "abbr": null, "en": "Stockout Cost", "zh": "缺货成本", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "欠品コストは、在庫不足によって発生する損失の総称で、失った利益、緊急手配の追加費用、生産停止による稼働損失、顧客の信用低下などを含みます。単位あたりの欠品コストが保管費用に比べて大きいほど、高いサービス率と多めの安全在庫が正当化されます。製造業では部品1点の欠品がライン全体を止めるため、品目単価だけで判断しないことが重要です。", "en": "The total loss from insufficient inventory, including lost profit, expediting costs, production downtime and damaged customer trust. The higher it is relative to holding cost, the higher the justified service level.", "zh": "库存不足造成的损失总称，包括利润损失、紧急调配费用、停产损失和客户信任下降。相对持有成本越高，越应设定更高服务水平。" }, "related": [ "lost-sales", "backorder", "service-level", "newsvendor-model" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stockout-cost" }, { "id": "lost-sales", "type": "entry", "ja": "機会損失／販売機会損失", "abbr": null, "en": "Lost Sales", "zh": "销售机会损失", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "機会損失は、在庫があれば得られたはずの売上や利益を、欠品によって失うことです。顧客が他社品へ切り替える場合に発生し、記録に残らないため実態がつかみにくいのが特徴です。製造業では受注時の在庫照会で断った件数や、納期回答で失注した案件を記録しておくと、安全在庫水準を見直す根拠として使えるようになります。", "en": "Revenue or profit that would have been earned had stock been available but was lost due to a stockout, typically when customers switch to other suppliers. It is hard to measure because it leaves no transaction record.", "zh": "若有库存本可获得、却因缺货而失去的销售额或利润，通常发生在客户转向其他供应商时，由于不留交易记录而难以掌握。" }, "related": [ "stockout-cost", "backorder", "newsvendor-model" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lost-sales" }, { "id": "newsvendor-model", "type": "entry", "ja": "ニュースベンダーモデル／新聞売り子問題", "abbr": null, "en": "Newsvendor Model", "zh": "报童模型", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "ニュースベンダーモデルは、売れ残ると価値を失い、追加発注もできない商品を1回だけ仕入れるときの最適数量を求めるモデルです。不足1単位の損失をCu、余剰1単位の損失をCoとすると、需要の累積確率がCu÷(Cu＋Co)となる数量が最適です。製造業では季節品の生産量や、モデル末期の最終部品手配量の判断に応用されます。", "en": "A model for the optimal one-time order quantity of goods that lose value if unsold and cannot be reordered. With underage cost Cu and overage cost Co, the optimal quantity is where cumulative demand probability equals Cu / (Cu + Co).", "zh": "求解一次性采购、卖剩即贬值且无法追加订货商品最优数量的模型。设缺货单位损失Cu、过剩单位损失Co，最优数量为需求累积概率等于Cu÷(Cu＋Co)的点。" }, "related": [ "single-period-model", "stockout-cost", "lost-sales" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/newsvendor-model" }, { "id": "single-period-model", "type": "entry", "ja": "単一期間モデル", "abbr": null, "en": "Single-Period Inventory Model", "zh": "单周期库存模型", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "単一期間モデルは、販売や使用の機会が1期間に限られ、期末の残りを次期へ持ち越せない状況での在庫量を決める考え方の総称です。ニュースベンダーモデルが代表例で、欠品と余剰の損失を比べて数量を決めます。製造業では生産終了品の最終購入、イベント向けの限定生産、短命な部品の手配などに当てはまります。", "en": "A general class of inventory models for situations with a single selling or usage opportunity, where leftover stock cannot be carried to the next period. The newsvendor model is the typical example.", "zh": "适用于销售或使用机会仅限一个期间、期末剩余无法结转的情形的库存模型总称，报童模型是典型代表。" }, "related": [ "newsvendor-model", "economic-order-quantity" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/single-period-model" }, { "id": "quantity-discount", "type": "entry", "ja": "数量割引", "abbr": null, "en": "Quantity Discount", "zh": "数量折扣", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "数量割引は、一定数量以上をまとめて購入すると単価が下がる取引条件です。経済的発注量に数量割引を組み込むときは、価格帯ごとにEOQを計算し、各帯の下限数量も含めて「購入費＋発注費用＋保管費用」の年間総額が最小になる数量を選びます。単価の差だけを見て大ロットにすると、保管費用や陳腐化リスクで逆に損をすることがあります。", "en": "A pricing term in which the unit price drops when buying above certain quantities. To incorporate it, compute EOQ for each price band and choose the quantity minimizing total annual purchase, ordering and holding cost.", "zh": "购买数量达到一定水平即降低单价的交易条件。纳入EOQ时，对各价格段分别计算EOQ，选择年采购费、订货成本和持有成本总和最小的数量。" }, "related": [ "economic-order-quantity", "minimum-order-quantity", "holding-cost-ordering" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/quantity-discount" }, { "id": "reorder", "type": "entry", "ja": "再発注", "abbr": null, "en": "Reorder", "zh": "再订货", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "再発注は、在庫が減ったことを受けて同じ品目を繰り返し発注することです。継続的に使う品目では、発注点や補充点などの再発注ルールを決めておくことで、都度の判断なしに補充が回ります。製造業では設計変更や生産終了の情報が再発注ルールに反映されないと旧品番を発注し続けてしまうため、品目マスタの改廃管理と合わせて運用します。", "en": "Placing a repeat order for the same item in response to depleted stock. Defining reorder rules such as reorder points lets replenishment run without case-by-case judgment.", "zh": "因库存减少而对同一品目重复订货。为持续使用的品目设定订货点等再订货规则，可无需逐次判断即可补货。" }, "related": [ "reorder-point", "automatic-ordering", "reorder-point-system" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/reorder" }, { "id": "supply-chain-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "サプライチェーンマネジメント", "abbr": "SCM", "en": "Supply Chain Management", "zh": "供应链管理", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "サプライチェーンマネジメントは、原材料の調達から生産、物流、販売までの一連の流れを、企業や部門の枠を越えて一体として計画・管理する考え方です。モノ・情報・お金の流れをそろえ、全体の在庫とリードタイムを減らしながら納期を守ることを目指します。製造業では需給計画、調達、在庫配置、物流を同じ数字で語れるデータ基盤づくりが出発点になります。", "en": "An approach to planning and managing the entire flow from procurement through production, logistics and sales as one system across companies and departments, aiming to reduce total inventory and lead time while meeting delivery commitments.", "zh": "跨越企业和部门，将从采购、生产、物流到销售的整个流程作为一体进行计划和管理的思路，目标是在保证交期的同时降低整体库存和交货期。" }, "related": [ "sales-and-operations-planning", "supply-chain-visibility", "bullwhip-effect" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/supply-chain-management" }, { "id": "sales-and-operations-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "S&OP／販売・事業計画会議", "abbr": "S&OP", "en": "Sales and Operations Planning", "zh": "销售与运营计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "S&OPは、販売・生産・調達・財務などの部門が月次で集まり、需要計画と供給能力をすり合わせて一つの合意計画を決める経営プロセスです。製品群単位で今後1〜2年程度を見通し、在庫水準や能力増強の判断も行います。製造業では需要計画、供給計画、事前調整会議、経営会議という段階を踏むのが典型で、合意した数字が下位の計画の前提になります。", "en": "A monthly business process in which sales, operations, procurement and finance reconcile demand plans with supply capability to agree on a single plan, typically at product family level over a 1 to 2 year horizon.", "zh": "销售、生产、采购、财务等部门每月汇聚，协调需求计划与供应能力并形成统一共识计划的经营流程，通常按产品族展望未来1至2年。" }, "related": [ "integrated-business-planning", "demand-supply-planning", "psi-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/sales-and-operations-planning" }, { "id": "integrated-business-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "統合事業計画", "abbr": "IBP", "en": "Integrated Business Planning", "zh": "集成业务计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "IBPは、S&OPを発展させ、数量の計画に加えて売上・利益・投資などの財務計画や戦略を同じプロセスで統合する計画の枠組みです。シナリオごとに需給と損益への影響を比べ、経営判断を数字でつなぐことを狙います。製造業では数量ベースのPSIを金額に換算し、予算や中期計画との差異を毎月確認する形で運用されることが多くあります。", "en": "An evolution of S&OP that integrates financial plans such as revenue, profit and investment, along with strategy, into the same process as volume planning, comparing scenarios for their supply-demand and P&L impact.", "zh": "在S&OP基础上发展而来，将收入、利润、投资等财务计划和战略与数量计划在同一流程中整合的计划框架，可比较各情景对供需和损益的影响。" }, "related": [ "sales-and-operations-planning", "psi-planning", "demand-supply-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/integrated-business-planning" }, { "id": "psi-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "PSI計画", "abbr": "PSI", "en": "PSI Planning", "zh": "PSI计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "PSI計画は、生産（Production、仕入Purchaseとも）・販売（Sales）・在庫（Inventory）を期間ごとに並べ、三つの数字の整合を取る計画手法です。期末在庫＝期首在庫＋生産（入庫）−販売（出庫）の関係で各期の在庫を推移させ、目標在庫から外れる期を見つけて生産や販売を調整します。拠点ごとのPSIを連結すると、サプライチェーン全体の在庫の流れが見えます。", "en": "A planning method that lays out production (or purchase), sales and inventory by period and keeps them consistent using ending inventory = beginning inventory + production - sales, adjusting periods that deviate from target stock.", "zh": "按期间排列生产（或采购）、销售和库存并保持三者一致的计划方法，用期末库存＝期初库存＋生产－销售推算各期库存，并调整偏离目标库存的期间。" }, "related": [ "demand-supply-planning", "production-sales-inventory-planning", "sales-and-operations-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/psi-planning" }, { "id": "demand-supply-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "需給計画", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand and Supply Planning", "zh": "供需计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "需給計画は、需要の見通しと、生産・調達・在庫による供給の見通しを突き合わせ、過不足が出ないように数量と時期を決める計画です。需要予測、受注、在庫、能力、リードタイムを入力とし、品目・拠点・期間ごとの供給計画を作ります。製造業では月次の大枠を週次・日次の生産計画や発注へと落とし込み、計画間の数字の一貫性を保つことが課題になります。", "en": "Planning that matches expected demand with supply from production, procurement and inventory, setting quantities and timing to avoid shortages and surpluses by item, location and period.", "zh": "将需求预期与生产、采购、库存的供应预期相匹配，按品目、地点和期间确定数量和时间以避免过剩或短缺的计划。" }, "related": [ "demand-supply-adjustment", "psi-planning", "sales-and-operations-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-supply-planning" }, { "id": "demand-supply-adjustment", "type": "entry", "ja": "需給調整", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand-Supply Balancing", "zh": "供需调整", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "需給調整は、計画と実績のずれや突発的な需要変動に対し、生産の前倒し・後倒し、拠点間の在庫移動、出荷配分の見直しなどで需要と供給のバランスを取り直す業務です。計画を作ることより、ずれを早く検知して打ち手を決める速さが成果を左右します。製造業では週次の需給調整会議で、在庫日数の偏りや欠品リスク品目を一覧で確認する運用が一般的です。", "en": "The task of rebalancing demand and supply in response to deviations or sudden demand changes, through measures like pulling in or pushing out production, transferring stock between sites and reallocating shipments.", "zh": "针对计划与实绩的偏差或突发需求变动，通过提前或推迟生产、地点间库存调拨、调整出货分配等手段重新平衡供需的业务。" }, "related": [ "demand-supply-planning", "psi-planning", "inventory-positioning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-supply-adjustment" }, { "id": "production-sales-inventory-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "生販在計画", "abbr": null, "en": "Production-Sales-Inventory Plan", "zh": "产销存计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "生販在計画は、生産・販売・在庫の三つの計画を一体で立てる日本の製造業で広く使われる呼び方で、考え方はPSI計画とほぼ同じです。販売計画から必要な生産量を逆算し、目標在庫を満たすよう各月の生産量を決めます。営業・生産・経理が別々の数字を持っていると機能しないため、共通の品目・期間単位で一つの表を管理することが重要です。", "en": "A term widely used in Japanese manufacturing for planning production, sales and inventory together, essentially the same as PSI planning: production is derived from the sales plan to meet target inventory each month.", "zh": "日本制造业常用的说法，将生产、销售、库存三项计划一体制定，思路与PSI计划基本相同：根据销售计划倒推每月产量以满足目标库存。" }, "related": [ "psi-planning", "demand-supply-planning", "sales-and-operations-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/production-sales-inventory-planning" }, { "id": "bullwhip-effect", "type": "entry", "ja": "ブルウィップ効果", "abbr": null, "en": "Bullwhip Effect", "zh": "牛鞭效应", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "ブルウィップ効果は、小売から卸、メーカー、部品メーカーへとサプライチェーンを上流にさかのぼるほど、発注量の変動が増幅していく現象です。各段階が自分の受注をもとに予測し、ロットまとめや安全在庫の上乗せ、品薄時の過大発注を行うことが原因とされます。対策としては需要情報の共有、発注ロットの縮小、リードタイムの短縮が挙げられます。", "en": "The phenomenon in which order variability amplifies as one moves upstream from retailers to manufacturers and component suppliers, caused by local forecasting, order batching, safety stock padding and shortage gaming.", "zh": "订单波动沿供应链从零售商向制造商、零部件供应商逐级向上游放大的现象，原因包括各环节独立预测、批量订货、加码安全库存和短缺时的超量订货。" }, "related": [ "supply-chain-visibility", "vendor-managed-inventory", "cpfr" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/bullwhip-effect" }, { "id": "vendor-managed-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "ベンダー管理在庫", "abbr": "VMI", "en": "Vendor Managed Inventory", "zh": "供应商管理库存", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "VMIは、買い手の在庫水準や消費データを仕入先と共有し、補充の判断と実行を仕入先側が担う仕組みです。買い手は発注業務を減らせ、仕入先は需要を早く把握して生産を平準化できます。製造業では工場内や近隣倉庫に仕入先所有の在庫を置き、使用時に所有権が移る預託在庫と組み合わせる形が多く、在庫の上下限と責任範囲の取り決めが要になります。", "en": "An arrangement in which the buyer shares inventory and consumption data with the supplier, who then decides and executes replenishment. It is often combined with consignment stock and requires agreed min/max levels and responsibilities.", "zh": "买方与供应商共享库存与消耗数据，由供应商负责补货决策和执行的机制，常与寄售库存结合，需约定库存上下限和责任范围。" }, "related": [ "cpfr", "bullwhip-effect", "supplier-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/vendor-managed-inventory" }, { "id": "cpfr", "type": "entry", "ja": "協働計画・予測・補充", "abbr": "CPFR", "en": "Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment", "zh": "协同计划、预测与补货", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "CPFRは、取引先同士が販売計画や需要予測を共有し、合意した一つの予測に基づいて生産と補充を行う協働の進め方です。予測値の差が一定以上になった品目を例外として抽出し、両社で原因を話し合って修正します。製造業では主要顧客や主要仕入先との間で実施され、ブルウィップ効果の抑制と在庫削減を狙います。", "en": "A collaborative practice in which trading partners share sales plans and forecasts and run production and replenishment from a single agreed forecast, resolving exceptions where their forecasts diverge.", "zh": "交易伙伴共享销售计划与需求预测，并基于共同认可的单一预测进行生产和补货的协同做法，对预测差异较大的品目作为例外协商处理。" }, "related": [ "vendor-managed-inventory", "bullwhip-effect", "demand-supply-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cpfr" }, { "id": "multi-echelon-inventory-optimization", "type": "entry", "ja": "多段階在庫最適化", "abbr": "MEIO", "en": "Multi-Echelon Inventory Optimization", "zh": "多级库存优化", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "多段階在庫最適化は、部品倉庫・工場・物流センター・販売拠点のように段階的につながった在庫を、拠点ごとではなくネットワーク全体として同時に最適化する手法です。上流に在庫を持てば下流の安全在庫を減らせるといった段階間の関係を考慮し、目標サービス率を満たす最小の総在庫を求めます。計算には各拠点の需要分布とリードタイムのデータが必要です。", "en": "A method that optimizes inventory across connected tiers, such as parts warehouses, plants, distribution centers and sales sites, as one network rather than site by site, finding the minimum total stock that meets target service levels.", "zh": "将零件仓库、工厂、配送中心、销售网点等多级相连的库存作为整个网络同时优化，而非逐个地点优化的方法，求出满足目标服务水平的最小总库存。" }, "related": [ "inventory-positioning", "risk-pooling", "network-design" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/multi-echelon-inventory-optimization" }, { "id": "inventory-positioning", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫配置", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Positioning", "zh": "库存布局", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "在庫配置は、サプライチェーンのどの拠点・どの段階に、どの形態（原材料・半製品・製品）の在庫をどれだけ置くかを決めることです。顧客に近いほど納期は短くなりますが、拠点ごとに安全在庫が必要になり総在庫は増えます。製造業ではデカップリングポイントの位置と合わせて検討し、品目の需要特性や許容納期によって置き場所を変えます。", "en": "Deciding where in the supply chain, and in what form (raw material, semi-finished or finished), to hold how much inventory. Holding closer to customers shortens delivery but increases total safety stock.", "zh": "决定在供应链的哪个地点、哪个阶段以何种形态（原材料、半成品、成品）持有多少库存。越靠近客户交期越短，但总安全库存越高。" }, "related": [ "decoupling-point", "multi-echelon-inventory-optimization", "inventory-consolidation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-positioning" }, { "id": "decoupling-point", "type": "entry", "ja": "デカップリングポイント", "abbr": null, "en": "Decoupling Point", "zh": "解耦点", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "デカップリングポイントは、サプライチェーン上で、見込みで動く上流と顧客の注文で動く下流を切り分ける位置で、そこに在庫を持つことで両者の変動を切り離します。製品在庫で持てば見込生産、部品や半製品で持てば受注組立生産になります。位置を上流へ動かすほど在庫の汎用性は上がりますが、顧客への納期は長くなるため、その釣り合いで決めます。", "en": "The point in the supply chain that separates forecast-driven upstream activity from customer-order-driven downstream activity, where inventory is held to buffer the two. Its position defines strategies such as MTS or ATO.", "zh": "供应链中将按预测运作的上游与按客户订单运作的下游分开的位置，在此持有库存以隔离两者的波动，其位置决定MTS或ATO等策略。" }, "related": [ "make-to-stock", "assemble-to-order", "make-to-order", "postponement" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/decoupling-point" }, { "id": "make-to-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "受注生産", "abbr": "MTO", "en": "Make to Order", "zh": "按订单生产", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "受注生産は、顧客の注文を受けてから材料の手配や生産を始める生産形態です。製品在庫を持たないため売れ残りのリスクは小さい一方、顧客への納期は調達と生産のリードタイム分だけ長くなります。製造業では長納期部品だけを先行手配したり、共通部品を在庫で持ったりして納期を短縮する工夫が一般的に行われます。", "en": "A production strategy that starts material procurement and production after receiving a customer order. It avoids finished goods risk but the delivery lead time includes procurement and production time.", "zh": "收到客户订单后才开始采购材料和生产的生产方式。不持有成品库存、滞销风险小，但交期包含采购和生产时间。" }, "related": [ "make-to-stock", "assemble-to-order", "engineer-to-order", "decoupling-point" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/make-to-order" }, { "id": "make-to-stock", "type": "entry", "ja": "見込生産", "abbr": "MTS", "en": "Make to Stock", "zh": "按库存生产", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "見込生産は、需要予測に基づいてあらかじめ製品を生産し、在庫から出荷する生産形態です。注文に即納できる一方、予測が外れると欠品や売れ残りが発生します。製造業では汎用品や量産品に用いられ、製品ごとの安全在庫と補充ルール、予測精度の管理が成果を左右し、在庫の大半が完成品で持たれる点が特徴です。", "en": "A production strategy that produces products in advance based on forecasts and ships from finished goods inventory. It enables immediate delivery but risks shortages or excess when forecasts miss.", "zh": "根据需求预测预先生产并从库存发货的生产方式，可即时交货，但预测偏差会导致缺货或滞销。" }, "related": [ "make-to-order", "assemble-to-order", "decoupling-point" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/make-to-stock" }, { "id": "assemble-to-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "受注組立生産", "abbr": "ATO", "en": "Assemble to Order", "zh": "按订单装配", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "受注組立生産は、部品やモジュールまでは見込みで作って在庫しておき、注文を受けてから最終組立を行う生産形態です。製品の組み合わせが多くても共通部品の在庫で対応でき、見込生産より在庫リスクを抑えつつ受注生産より短い納期を実現します。製造業では製品構成を共通モジュール化し、部品在庫の充足を確認して受注を受ける仕組みが必要です。", "en": "A strategy in which components or modules are built to forecast and stocked, and final assembly starts after an order is received, offering shorter lead times than MTO with less inventory risk than MTS.", "zh": "零件或模块按预测预先生产并库存，接单后再进行总装的生产方式，交期短于MTO且库存风险低于MTS。" }, "related": [ "make-to-order", "make-to-stock", "postponement", "clear-to-build" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/assemble-to-order" }, { "id": "engineer-to-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "個別受注設計生産", "abbr": "ETO", "en": "Engineer to Order", "zh": "按订单设计", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "個別受注設計生産は、顧客ごとの仕様に合わせて設計から始め、調達・製造を行う生産形態です。産業機械や設備、プラントなど一品ごとに仕様が異なる製品で用いられます。設計が確定するまで部品が決まらないため、在庫は主に共通の標準部品や長納期材に限られ、案件ごとの所要量と調達の進捗を管理することが中心になります。", "en": "A strategy that starts with engineering design to each customer specification before procurement and manufacturing, used for industrial machinery and plants where every unit differs.", "zh": "根据每个客户的规格从设计开始再进行采购和制造的生产方式，用于产业机械、设备等每台规格不同的产品。" }, "related": [ "make-to-order", "assemble-to-order", "variable-interval-variable-quantity" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/engineer-to-order" }, { "id": "postponement", "type": "entry", "ja": "ポストポーンメント／差異化の遅延", "abbr": null, "en": "Postponement", "zh": "延迟策略", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "ポストポーンメントは、製品の仕様や行き先を確定させる工程をできるだけ後ろへ遅らせ、需要が見えてから最終的な形にする戦略です。例えば共通の本体を在庫し、受注後に地域別の電源や説明書、塗装を加えます。在庫を汎用的な形で持てるため品目ごとの予測誤差がならされ、少ない在庫で高いサービス率を保てます。", "en": "A strategy of delaying the steps that fix a product configuration or destination as late as possible, finalizing it once demand is known, so inventory is held in generic form and forecast errors are pooled.", "zh": "尽可能推迟确定产品规格或去向的工序，待需求明确后再完成最终形态的策略，使库存以通用形态持有，预测误差得以分摊。" }, "related": [ "risk-pooling", "assemble-to-order", "decoupling-point" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/postponement" }, { "id": "risk-pooling", "type": "entry", "ja": "リスクプーリング", "abbr": null, "en": "Risk Pooling", "zh": "风险分摊", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "リスクプーリングは、複数の拠点や品目の需要をまとめて扱うことで、ばらつきが互いに打ち消し合い、必要な安全在庫が減る効果です。需要が独立で同じ大きさのn拠点を1か所に集約すると、合計の安全在庫はおよそ1÷√n倍になります。在庫の集約や部品の共通化、ポストポーンメントはいずれもこの効果を利用しています。", "en": "The effect whereby aggregating demand across locations or items lets variations offset each other, reducing required safety stock. Consolidating n independent, equal locations reduces total safety stock to roughly 1/square root of n.", "zh": "将多个地点或品目的需求合并处理，使波动相互抵消、所需安全库存减少的效应。将n个独立且规模相同的地点集中时，总安全库存约降为1/√n。" }, "related": [ "inventory-consolidation", "postponement", "multi-echelon-inventory-optimization" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/risk-pooling" }, { "id": "inventory-consolidation", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫の集約", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Consolidation", "zh": "库存集中", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "在庫の集約は、複数の倉庫や拠点に分散している在庫を、少数の拠点にまとめて保管することです。リスクプーリングにより安全在庫が減り、管理の手間も下がりますが、顧客までの距離が伸びて輸送費や納期が増えることがあります。製造業では動きの少ない補修部品や高額部品を中央倉庫に集め、よく動く品目は各拠点に置くといった使い分けが行われます。", "en": "Combining inventory spread across multiple warehouses or sites into fewer locations. Risk pooling reduces safety stock, but transport cost and delivery time to customers may increase.", "zh": "将分散在多个仓库或地点的库存集中到少数地点保管。风险分摊可降低安全库存，但到客户的运费和交期可能增加。" }, "related": [ "risk-pooling", "inventory-positioning", "network-design" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-consolidation" }, { "id": "network-design", "type": "entry", "ja": "ネットワーク設計／サプライチェーン設計", "abbr": null, "en": "Supply Chain Network Design", "zh": "供应链网络设计", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "ネットワーク設計は、工場・倉庫・物流拠点の数と場所、各拠点の役割、拠点間の物の流れを決めるサプライチェーンの構造設計です。輸送費・拠点費・在庫費用の合計と、顧客への納期のバランスを評価して案を比較します。製造業では新工場の立ち上げ、生産拠点の再編、災害リスクを踏まえた拠点の二重化などの際に見直されます。", "en": "The structural design of a supply chain, deciding the number and location of plants, warehouses and logistics sites, their roles and the flows between them, balancing transport, facility and inventory costs against delivery times.", "zh": "确定工厂、仓库、物流据点的数量和位置、各自职能及其间物流的供应链结构设计，需权衡运输、设施和库存成本与交期。" }, "related": [ "inventory-positioning", "inventory-consolidation", "supply-chain-resilience" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/network-design" }, { "id": "supply-chain-visibility", "type": "entry", "ja": "サプライチェーンの可視化", "abbr": null, "en": "Supply Chain Visibility", "zh": "供应链可视化", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "サプライチェーンの可視化は、調達先から自社工場、物流、顧客までの在庫・受発注・輸送・生産の状況を、関係者が同じデータで把握できる状態にすることです。どこにどれだけの在庫があり、いつ何が届くかが見えることで、需給調整や異常対応を早められます。実現には拠点ごとに異なる品目コードや単位をそろえるデータ整備が前提になります。", "en": "Making inventory, orders, shipments and production status from suppliers through plants, logistics and customers visible to stakeholders from shared data, enabling faster balancing and exception handling.", "zh": "使从供应商、本厂、物流到客户的库存、订单、运输和生产状况能被相关方基于同一数据掌握的状态，有助于更快地进行供需调整和异常处理。" }, "related": [ "control-tower", "supply-chain-management", "bullwhip-effect" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/supply-chain-visibility" }, { "id": "control-tower", "type": "entry", "ja": "コントロールタワー", "abbr": null, "en": "Supply Chain Control Tower", "zh": "供应链控制塔", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "コントロールタワーは、サプライチェーン全体のデータを集めて一元的に監視し、異常の検知から対応策の決定までを担う組織や仕組みのことです。在庫不足の予兆、輸送遅延、仕入先の納期遅れなどを例外として検知し、影響する受注や生産を特定します。製造業では可視化の画面だけでなく、判断の権限と手順を合わせて設計することが機能させる条件になります。", "en": "An organization or system that collects data across the supply chain to monitor it centrally and handle everything from detecting exceptions to deciding responses, such as shortage signals, transport delays and late supplier deliveries.", "zh": "汇集整个供应链数据进行集中监控，并负责从异常检测到对策决定的组织或机制，例如识别缺货征兆、运输延误和供应商交期延迟。" }, "related": [ "supply-chain-visibility", "demand-supply-adjustment", "supply-chain-resilience" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/control-tower" }, { "id": "procurement", "type": "entry", "ja": "調達", "abbr": null, "en": "Procurement", "zh": "采购", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "調達は、生産や事業に必要な原材料・部品・設備・サービスを、品質・コスト・納期の条件を満たして外部から確保する活動全般です。仕入先の選定や契約、価格交渉、発注、納期管理、支払までを含み、購買より広い戦略的な意味で使われます。製造業では原価の多くを調達品が占めるため、調達の条件が在庫水準と製品原価の両方を大きく左右します。", "en": "The overall activity of securing raw materials, parts, equipment and services from outside sources to meet quality, cost and delivery requirements, including supplier selection, contracts, negotiation, ordering and payment.", "zh": "为满足质量、成本和交期要求，从外部获取生产所需原材料、零件、设备和服务的全部活动，包括供应商选择、合同、议价、订货和付款。" }, "related": [ "supplier-management", "procurement-lead-time", "ordering-operations" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/procurement" }, { "id": "supplier-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "サプライヤー管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Supplier Management", "zh": "供应商管理", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "サプライヤー管理は、仕入先の選定・評価・育成・関係維持を通じて、調達品の品質・コスト・納期を安定させる取り組みです。納期遵守率、品質不良率、リードタイムの実績とばらつきなどを定期的に評価します。製造業では仕入先のリードタイムや納期のばらつきが安全在庫に直結するため、評価結果を在庫パラメータの見直しにも使います。", "en": "Activities to stabilize the quality, cost and delivery of purchased items through selecting, evaluating, developing and maintaining relationships with suppliers, measuring on-time delivery, defect rate and lead time performance.", "zh": "通过供应商的选择、评价、培育和关系维护，稳定采购品质量、成本和交期的工作，定期评估准时交货率、不良率和交货期表现。" }, "related": [ "procurement", "lead-time-variability", "vendor-managed-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/supplier-management" }, { "id": "bcp-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "BCP在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Business Continuity Inventory", "zh": "业务连续性库存", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "BCP在庫は、災害や感染症、仕入先の操業停止などで供給が途絶えても、一定期間生産や供給を続けられるように持つ備えの在庫です。通常の需要変動に備える安全在庫とは目的が異なり、代替調達先の立ち上げに必要な日数分を目安に設定します。製造業では単一調達先の重要部品を中心に対象を絞り、保管場所の分散と使用期限の管理を合わせて行います。", "en": "Inventory held so that production or supply can continue for a set period even if supply is disrupted by disasters, pandemics or supplier shutdowns. Unlike regular safety stock, it is sized to the time needed to qualify alternative sources.", "zh": "为在灾害、疫情或供应商停产等导致供应中断时仍能维持一定期间生产或供应而持有的储备库存。与安全库存目的不同，一般按启用替代供应源所需天数设定。" }, "related": [ "supply-chain-resilience", "strategic-inventory", "safety-stock" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/bcp-inventory" }, { "id": "supply-chain-resilience", "type": "entry", "ja": "サプライチェーンのレジリエンス", "abbr": null, "en": "Supply Chain Resilience", "zh": "供应链韧性", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "レジリエンスは、サプライチェーンが災害や需要急変などの混乱を受けても、供給を大きく途絶えさせずに素早く回復できる強さのことです。調達先の複線化、拠点の分散、BCP在庫、代替品の事前認定などで高めます。効率のために在庫や拠点を絞り込むほど脆弱になりやすいため、製造業では回復に要する時間を品目ごとに見積もって備えの量を決めます。", "en": "The ability of a supply chain to withstand disruptions such as disasters or sudden demand shifts without major supply interruption and to recover quickly, strengthened by multi-sourcing, distributed sites and continuity stock.", "zh": "供应链在遭受灾害或需求骤变等冲击时，不致严重断供并能快速恢复的能力，可通过多源采购、据点分散和应急库存等提升。" }, "related": [ "bcp-inventory", "network-design", "strategic-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/supply-chain-resilience" }, { "id": "strategic-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "戦略在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Strategic Inventory", "zh": "战略库存", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "戦略在庫は、通常の需要変動への備えとは別に、経営判断として意図的に積み増す在庫です。値上げ前の買いだめ、生産終了部品の最終購入、需要の山に備えた作りだめ、供給不安への備えなどが該当します。在庫回転率を悪化させるため、目的・数量・解消時期を決めて通常在庫と区別して管理し、評価損のリスクも合わせて把握します。", "en": "Inventory deliberately built as a management decision beyond normal variability buffers, such as buying ahead of price increases, last-time buys, pre-building for peaks or hedging supply risk.", "zh": "作为经营决策、在常规波动缓冲之外有意增持的库存，如涨价前囤货、停产零件最后采购、为旺季提前生产或应对供应风险。" }, "related": [ "bcp-inventory", "advance-order", "supply-chain-resilience" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/strategic-inventory" }, { "id": "planning-time-fence", "type": "entry", "ja": "計画凍結期間／タイムフェンス", "abbr": null, "en": "Planning Time Fence", "zh": "计划冻结期", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "タイムフェンスは、計画期間のうち直近の一定範囲を変更しない、または変更に承認を必要とする期間として区切る境界です。直近の計画を固定することで、段取り替えや部品手配の混乱を防ぎ、現場の作業を安定させます。製造業では確定期間・準確定期間・自由期間のように段階を分け、期間の長さは調達や生産のリードタイムを目安に決めます。", "en": "A boundary in the planning horizon within which the plan is frozen or changes require approval, stabilizing shop-floor work and procurement. Its length is usually set based on procurement and production lead times.", "zh": "在计划期内划定近期一段不变更或变更需审批的期间边界，以稳定现场作业和采购，长度通常参照采购与生产交货期设定。" }, "related": [ "planning-cycle", "rolling-planning", "demand-supply-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/planning-time-fence" }, { "id": "planning-cycle", "type": "entry", "ja": "計画サイクル", "abbr": null, "en": "Planning Cycle", "zh": "计划周期", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "計画サイクルは、需給計画や生産計画をどの頻度で作り直すかという周期です。月次・週次・日次のように階層ごとに周期を分け、上位の計画を下位へ展開します。サイクルが長いと需要変化への追従が遅れて在庫や欠品が増え、短すぎると計画変更が増えて現場が混乱するため、リードタイムと計画凍結期間との関係で決めます。", "en": "The frequency at which demand-supply or production plans are regenerated, often layered as monthly, weekly and daily cycles. Too long a cycle lags demand changes; too short causes plan nervousness.", "zh": "重新制定供需计划或生产计划的频率，通常按月、周、日分层。周期过长跟不上需求变化，过短则导致计划频繁变动。" }, "related": [ "rolling-planning", "planning-time-fence", "order-cycle" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/planning-cycle" }, { "id": "rolling-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "ローリング計画", "abbr": null, "en": "Rolling Planning", "zh": "滚动计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "ローリング計画は、一定期間の計画を作ったあと、期間が進むごとに最新の実績と予測を反映して計画を更新し、計画の終わりを先へ延ばしていく方法です。例えば毎月、向こう12か月分の計画を作り直します。製造業では直近を計画凍結期間で固定しつつ、先の期間を柔軟に見直す形で運用し、部品の先行手配の判断にも使います。", "en": "A method of updating a plan each period with the latest actuals and forecasts while extending its horizon forward, such as rebuilding a 12-month plan every month while keeping the near term frozen.", "zh": "每过一个期间即根据最新实绩和预测更新计划并向后延伸计划期的方法，例如每月重新制定未来12个月的计划，同时冻结近期部分。" }, "related": [ "planning-cycle", "planning-time-fence", "psi-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/rolling-planning" }, { "id": "planning-constraint", "type": "entry", "ja": "制約条件（計画）", "abbr": null, "en": "Planning Constraint", "zh": "计划约束条件", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "計画における制約条件は、生産能力、設備の稼働時間、人員、部品の供給量、保管スペース、輸送能力など、計画が守らなければならない上限や条件のことです。制約を考慮しない計画は実行できず、現場で調整が繰り返されて在庫や遅延を生みます。製造業では最も厳しい制約を特定し、それに合わせて全体の計画を組むことが有効です。", "en": "Limits a plan must respect, such as production capacity, machine hours, labor, component supply, storage space and transport capacity. Plans that ignore constraints cannot be executed and cause repeated adjustments.", "zh": "计划必须遵守的上限或条件，如生产能力、设备工时、人员、零件供应、存储空间和运输能力。忽略约束的计划无法执行。" }, "related": [ "theory-of-constraints", "drum-buffer-rope", "demand-supply-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/planning-constraint" }, { "id": "theory-of-constraints", "type": "entry", "ja": "制約理論", "abbr": "TOC", "en": "Theory of Constraints", "zh": "约束理论", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "TOCは、システム全体の成果は最も弱い一か所（ボトルネック）で決まるという考えに立ち、その制約を見つけて最大限に活用し、他をそれに従わせる改善手法です。制約の特定、活用、従属、強化、次の制約へ、という手順を繰り返します。在庫の観点では、制約工程の前にだけバッファーを置き、それ以外の工程在庫を減らすという方針につながります。", "en": "A management approach holding that system output is determined by its weakest point (the constraint); it identifies, exploits and elevates the constraint and subordinates everything else, placing buffers only before the constraint.", "zh": "认为系统整体产出由最薄弱环节（瓶颈）决定，通过识别、充分利用并强化约束、使其他环节服从约束来改善的方法，库存方面只在约束前设置缓冲。" }, "related": [ "drum-buffer-rope", "buffer-management", "planning-constraint" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/theory-of-constraints" }, { "id": "drum-buffer-rope", "type": "entry", "ja": "ドラム・バッファー・ロープ", "abbr": "DBR", "en": "Drum-Buffer-Rope", "zh": "鼓-缓冲-绳", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "DBRは、制約理論に基づく生産スケジューリングの方法で、制約工程の能力（ドラム）に全体のペースを合わせ、その前に時間の余裕（バッファー）を置き、材料投入を制約工程の進み具合に結び付ける（ロープ）仕組みです。必要以上の材料を投入しないため、仕掛在庫と製造リードタイムを抑えられます。品種の多い工場でも制約工程だけを詳細に計画すればよいのが利点です。", "en": "A TOC-based scheduling method that sets the pace by the constraint (drum), protects it with a time buffer (buffer) and ties material release to the constraint progress (rope), limiting work in process and lead time.", "zh": "基于约束理论的生产排程方法：以约束工序能力（鼓）设定整体节奏，在其前设置时间缓冲（缓冲），并将投料与约束工序进度挂钩（绳），从而抑制在制品和制造周期。" }, "related": [ "theory-of-constraints", "buffer-management", "planning-constraint" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/drum-buffer-rope" }, { "id": "buffer-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "バッファー管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Buffer Management", "zh": "缓冲管理", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "バッファー管理は、在庫や時間のバッファーの消費状況を緑・黄・赤などの区分で監視し、優先順位付けと異常対応に使う管理手法です。制約理論やDDMRPで使われ、赤に入った品目やオーダーを優先して手配します。区分ごとの発生頻度を記録すると、バッファーの大きさが過大か過小かを判断でき、在庫水準の見直しに役立ちます。", "en": "A method that monitors consumption of inventory or time buffers using zones such as green, yellow and red to set priorities and trigger action, used in TOC and DDMRP; zone frequencies also show whether buffers are sized correctly.", "zh": "以绿、黄、红等区间监控库存或时间缓冲的消耗状况，用于确定优先级和处理异常的管理方法，用于约束理论和DDMRP。" }, "related": [ "ddmrp", "drum-buffer-rope", "theory-of-constraints" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/buffer-management" }, { "id": "ddmrp", "type": "entry", "ja": "デマンド・ドリブンMRP", "abbr": "DDMRP", "en": "Demand Driven Material Requirements Planning", "zh": "需求驱动物料需求计划", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "DDMRPは、部品表上の戦略的な位置にだけ在庫バッファーを置き、実需に基づいて補充する計画手法です。バッファーは赤・黄・緑の区分で構成し、正味フロー＝手持在庫＋発注残−期限到来の実需が黄色上限を下回ったら、緑上限まで補充します。予測の誤差が部品表の下位へ増幅して伝わるのを防ぎ、リードタイムを短縮するのが狙いです。", "en": "A planning method that places inventory buffers only at strategic points in the bill of materials and replenishes based on actual demand. When net flow (on-hand + on-order - qualified demand) falls below the top of yellow, it orders up to the top of green.", "zh": "只在物料清单的战略位置设置库存缓冲并按实际需求补货的计划方法。净流量（现有＋在途－到期实需）低于黄区上限时，补至绿区上限。" }, "related": [ "demand-driven", "buffer-management", "decoupling-point" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/ddmrp" }, { "id": "demand-driven", "type": "entry", "ja": "需要主導型", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand-Driven", "zh": "需求驱动型", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "需要主導型は、予測を起点に押し出すのではなく、実際の顧客需要や消費の信号を起点として生産と補充を動かす考え方です。プル型補充やDDMRP、かんばん方式がこの考え方に基づいています。予測が不要になるわけではなく、予測はバッファーの大きさや能力計画に使い、日々の手配は実需で動かすという役割分担を行うのが一般的です。", "en": "An approach that drives production and replenishment from actual customer demand and consumption signals rather than pushing from forecasts; forecasts remain useful for sizing buffers and capacity.", "zh": "以实际客户需求和消耗信号而非预测为起点驱动生产和补货的思路，预测仍用于确定缓冲大小和产能规划。" }, "related": [ "ddmrp", "pull-replenishment", "kanban-system" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-driven" }, { "id": "clear-to-build", "type": "entry", "ja": "CTB／部材充足確認", "abbr": "CTB", "en": "Clear to Build", "zh": "齐套可生产", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "CTBは、ある製品の生産に必要な部材が、計画した数量と時期にすべてそろっていて着手できる状態か、またはそれを判定することです。部品表を展開して所要量と引当可能な在庫・入荷予定を照合し、不足部品があるオーダーを着手前に洗い出します。製造業では欠品部品の多いオーダーを先に着手して仕掛が滞留するのを防ぐため、投入判断の前提に使います。", "en": "The state in which all materials required to build a product are available in the planned quantity and timing, or the check that determines it by exploding the bill of materials against available stock and scheduled receipts.", "zh": "生产某产品所需物料已按计划数量和时间全部到齐、可以开工的状态，或通过展开物料清单与可用库存及预计到货核对来判定该状态。" }, "related": [ "material-availability-rate", "scheduled-receipt", "assemble-to-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/clear-to-build" }, { "id": "material-availability-rate", "type": "entry", "ja": "部材充足率／部材そろい率", "abbr": null, "en": "Material Availability Rate", "zh": "物料齐套率", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "部材充足率は、生産オーダーに必要な部材のうち、着手時点で引当可能になっている割合です。品目数ベースなら充足している部品点数÷必要部品点数、オーダーベースなら全部材がそろったオーダー数÷総オーダー数で求めます。1点でも欠ければ組立は進まないため、オーダーベースの率が実際の着手可能性を表し、部品別の欠品頻度と合わせて改善対象を絞ります。", "en": "The share of materials required for production orders that are available at start. By item count it is available parts / required parts; by order it is fully kitted orders / total orders, the latter reflecting actual buildability.", "zh": "生产订单所需物料中开工时可分配的比例。按品项计为齐备零件数÷所需零件数；按订单计为全部齐套订单数÷总订单数，后者更能反映实际可开工性。" }, "related": [ "clear-to-build", "stockout-rate", "scheduled-receipt" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/material-availability-rate" }, { "id": "forecast-notice", "type": "entry", "ja": "内示", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Notice to Supplier", "zh": "预示订单", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "内示は、正式な発注に先立って、顧客や発注側が今後の予定数量を仕入先に知らせる情報です。仕入先は内示をもとに材料の先行手配や生産準備を行い、確定発注を受けてから出荷します。内示と確定の差が大きいと仕入先側に過剰在庫や欠品が生じるため、製造業では内示の精度を測って共有し、内示に基づく手配の責任範囲を取り決めておきます。", "en": "Information on expected future quantities that a customer gives a supplier ahead of firm orders, allowing the supplier to pre-order materials and prepare production. Large gaps between notices and firm orders create supplier-side excess or shortages.", "zh": "在正式下单之前，客户或订货方向供应商告知未来预定数量的信息。供应商据此提前备料和准备生产，预示与确定订单差异大时会造成供应商侧过剩或缺货。" }, "related": [ "advance-order", "cpfr", "open-purchase-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-notice" }, { "id": "delivery-confirmation", "type": "entry", "ja": "納期回答", "abbr": null, "en": "Delivery Date Confirmation", "zh": "交期答复", "category": "発注・補充", "definition": { "ja": "納期回答は、発注を受けた仕入先が、いつ何個を納入できるかを発注側に返す情報です。発注側は回答を入荷予定に反映し、要求納期とのずれがある品目を早めに把握して調整します。回答が届かない、あるいは更新されないまま放置されると所要量計算が誤った入荷予定を前提にしてしまうため、製造業では回答の取得率と遵守率をあわせて管理します。", "en": "Information returned by a supplier stating when and how many units it can deliver against an order. The buyer reflects it in scheduled receipts to detect gaps from requested dates early.", "zh": "供应商收到订单后向订货方答复何时能交付多少的信息。订货方将其反映到预计到货中，以便尽早发现与要求交期的偏差。" }, "related": [ "scheduled-receipt", "open-purchase-order", "ordering-operations" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/delivery-confirmation" }, { "id": "multi-sourcing", "type": "entry", "ja": "複数購買／マルチソーシング", "abbr": null, "en": "Multi-Sourcing", "zh": "多源采购", "category": "SCM・計画", "definition": { "ja": "複数購買は、同じ部品や材料を二社以上の仕入先から調達する方針です。一社の供給が止まっても他社から調達を続けられるため、レジリエンスが高まり、価格交渉力も得やすくなります。一方、各社への発注量が分散してロットや価格の条件が悪化し、品質の差を管理する手間も増えるため、製造業では重要度と供給リスクの高い品目に絞って適用します。", "en": "A policy of sourcing the same part or material from two or more suppliers, improving resilience and negotiating leverage at the cost of smaller lots per supplier and more quality management effort.", "zh": "同一零件或材料从两家以上供应商采购的方针，可提升供应链韧性和议价能力，但会分散订货量并增加质量管理工作。" }, "related": [ "supplier-management", "supply-chain-resilience", "bcp-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/multi-sourcing" }, { "id": "demand-forecasting", "type": "entry", "ja": "需要予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand Forecasting", "zh": "需求预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "需要予測は、過去の出荷・受注実績や市場情報をもとに、将来の一定期間にどれだけの需要が発生するかを数量で見積もることです。製造業では生産計画・資材発注・安全在庫の計算の出発点となり、予測の誤差の大きさがそのまま必要な在庫量に跳ね返ります。", "en": "Estimating in quantity how much demand will occur over a future period, based on past shipments, orders and market information. In manufacturing it drives production planning, material ordering and safety stock.", "zh": "根据过去的出货、订单实绩及市场信息，以数量估算未来一定期间内将发生的需求。在制造业中是生产计划、物料采购和安全库存计算的起点。" }, "related": [ "demand-planning", "time-series-forecasting", "forecast-error", "forecast-accuracy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-forecasting" }, { "id": "demand-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "需要計画", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand Planning", "zh": "需求计划", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "需要計画は、統計的な需要予測に営業・マーケティングの情報や販促計画を加味し、組織として合意した将来需要の計画値を作る業務プロセスです。製造業ではS&OPの入力となり、生産・購買・在庫の各計画がこの数字を共通の前提として動きます。", "en": "The business process of combining statistical forecasts with sales and marketing input and promotion plans to produce an agreed plan of future demand. In manufacturing it feeds S&OP and serves as the common basis for production, purchasing and inventory plans.", "zh": "在统计需求预测的基础上结合销售、市场信息及促销计划，形成组织共同认可的未来需求计划值的业务流程。在制造业中作为S&OP的输入，是生产、采购和库存计划的共同前提。" }, "related": [ "demand-forecasting", "consensus-forecast", "forecast-value-added" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-planning" }, { "id": "time-series-forecasting", "type": "entry", "ja": "時系列予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Time Series Forecasting", "zh": "时间序列预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "時系列予測は、日・週・月などの時間順に並んだ過去の実績データから、水準・トレンド・季節性などのパターンを取り出して将来値を推定する手法の総称です。移動平均法や指数平滑法、ARIMAが代表例で、品目数の多い製造業の需要予測では自動計算の基盤として使われます。", "en": "A family of methods that estimate future values by extracting level, trend and seasonal patterns from historical data ordered in time. Moving averages, exponential smoothing and ARIMA are typical, and they underpin automated forecasting across many items.", "zh": "从按日、周、月等时间顺序排列的历史数据中提取水平、趋势、季节性等模式来推测未来值的方法总称。移动平均、指数平滑和ARIMA是代表，常作为多品种需求预测自动计算的基础。" }, "related": [ "moving-average-method", "exponential-smoothing", "arima", "seasonality", "demand-trend" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/time-series-forecasting" }, { "id": "moving-average-method", "type": "entry", "ja": "移動平均法", "abbr": null, "en": "Moving Average Method", "zh": "移动平均法", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "移動平均法は、直近n期間の実績の単純平均を次期の予測値とする手法で、計算式は「直近n期の実績合計÷n」です。計算が簡単で偶然の変動をならせる一方、トレンドや季節性には追随が遅れるため、製造業では需要が安定した補充品目の目安などに使われます。", "en": "A method that uses the simple average of the most recent n periods as the next forecast: sum of the last n actuals divided by n. It smooths random noise but lags trends and seasonality, so it suits stable replenishment items.", "zh": "以最近n期实绩的简单平均作为下一期预测值的方法，公式为最近n期实绩合计÷n。计算简单且能平滑随机波动，但对趋势和季节性反应滞后，适用于需求稳定的补货品目。" }, "related": [ "weighted-moving-average", "exponential-smoothing", "time-series-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/moving-average-method" }, { "id": "weighted-moving-average", "type": "entry", "ja": "加重移動平均", "abbr": null, "en": "Weighted Moving Average", "zh": "加权移动平均", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "加重移動平均は、直近n期間の実績にそれぞれ重みを付けて平均する手法で、「各期の実績×重みの合計÷重みの合計」で求めます。新しい期ほど重みを大きくすることで単純移動平均より変化への追随が速くなり、重みの決め方が予測の性格を左右します。", "en": "A moving average in which each of the last n periods receives a weight: the sum of actual times weight divided by the sum of weights. Weighting recent periods more makes it react faster than a simple moving average.", "zh": "对最近n期实绩分别赋予权重后求平均的方法，公式为各期实绩×权重之和÷权重之和。越近的期间权重越大，比简单移动平均更快跟随变化。" }, "related": [ "moving-average-method", "exponential-smoothing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/weighted-moving-average" }, { "id": "exponential-smoothing", "type": "entry", "ja": "指数平滑法", "abbr": null, "en": "Exponential Smoothing", "zh": "指数平滑法", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "指数平滑法は、「前回予測値＋平滑化定数α×（今回実績−前回予測値）」で予測を更新し、過去の実績ほど重みが指数的に小さくなる手法です。保持するデータが少なく計算が軽いため、多品目を扱う製造業の補充計算で広く使われ、αが大きいほど変化に敏感になります。", "en": "A method that updates the forecast as previous forecast plus alpha times (actual minus previous forecast), so older data receive exponentially decreasing weight. It is light to compute and widely used for multi-item replenishment.", "zh": "按照上期预测值＋平滑系数α×（本期实绩－上期预测值）更新预测，越早的实绩权重呈指数递减的方法。数据量少、计算轻便，广泛用于多品种补货计算，α越大对变化越敏感。" }, "related": [ "holt-method", "holt-winters-method", "moving-average-method", "time-series-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/exponential-smoothing" }, { "id": "holt-method", "type": "entry", "ja": "ホルト法", "abbr": null, "en": "Holt's Linear Trend Method", "zh": "霍尔特法", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "ホルト法は、指数平滑法を拡張し、需要の水準とトレンド（傾き）をそれぞれ別の平滑化定数で更新して予測する手法です。数期先の予測は「水準＋傾き×期数」で求めるため、立ち上がり期や縮小期のように需要が一方向に動く製品の予測に向いています。", "en": "An extension of exponential smoothing that updates the level and the trend with separate smoothing constants. Forecasts h periods ahead equal level plus trend times h, suiting products whose demand moves in one direction.", "zh": "对指数平滑法的扩展，用不同的平滑系数分别更新需求水平和趋势。h期后的预测为水平＋趋势×h，适合需求单向变化的产品。" }, "related": [ "exponential-smoothing", "holt-winters-method", "demand-trend" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/holt-method" }, { "id": "holt-winters-method", "type": "entry", "ja": "ホルト・ウィンターズ法", "abbr": null, "en": "Holt-Winters Method", "zh": "霍尔特-温特斯法", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "ホルト・ウィンターズ法は、水準・トレンドに加えて季節指数も指数平滑で更新する手法で、季節変動を持つ需要の予測に使われます。季節の効き方を加える加法型と掛ける乗法型があり、空調機器や季節商材の部品など、年周期の波がはっきりした品目で効果を発揮します。", "en": "A method that updates level, trend and seasonal indices by exponential smoothing, used for seasonal demand. It has additive and multiplicative forms and works well for items with a clear annual cycle.", "zh": "在水平和趋势之外，对季节指数也用指数平滑更新的方法，用于具有季节波动的需求预测。分为加法型和乘法型，适合年周期明显的品目。" }, "related": [ "holt-method", "seasonality", "exponential-smoothing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/holt-winters-method" }, { "id": "arima", "type": "entry", "ja": "ARIMAモデル", "abbr": "ARIMA", "en": "Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model", "zh": "自回归积分滑动平均模型", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "ARIMAモデルは、過去の自身の値（自己回帰）、過去の誤差（移動平均）、差分による非定常性の除去を組み合わせて時系列を表す統計モデルです。季節成分を加えたSARIMAもあり、製造業ではデータ量が十分な主要品目の予測や、他手法との精度比較の基準として使われます。", "en": "A statistical model combining autoregression on past values, moving average of past errors and differencing to remove non-stationarity. With its seasonal variant SARIMA, it is used for key items with sufficient history and as a benchmark.", "zh": "结合自身历史值（自回归）、历史误差（滑动平均）以及通过差分消除非平稳性来描述时间序列的统计模型。加入季节成分的SARIMA也常用，用于数据充足的主要品目预测及精度比较的基准。" }, "related": [ "time-series-forecasting", "seasonality", "backtesting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/arima" }, { "id": "seasonality", "type": "entry", "ja": "季節性", "abbr": null, "en": "Seasonality", "zh": "季节性", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "季節性は、月・曜日・年度末など一定の周期で繰り返し現れる需要の変動パターンです。予測では季節指数（その期の平均に対する比率）として表すことが多く、製造業では繁忙期前の作り溜めや季節在庫の計画に直結するため、トレンドと分けて把握することが重要です。", "en": "A demand pattern that repeats at fixed intervals such as months, weekdays or fiscal year-ends. It is often expressed as seasonal indices and directly drives pre-building and seasonal stock plans.", "zh": "在月份、星期、年度末等固定周期内重复出现的需求波动模式。预测中常以季节指数表示，直接关系到旺季前的提前生产和季节性库存计划。" }, "related": [ "demand-trend", "holt-winters-method", "time-series-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/seasonality" }, { "id": "demand-trend", "type": "entry", "ja": "トレンド", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand Trend", "zh": "趋势", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "トレンドは、需要が長期的に増加または減少していく持続的な方向性のことです。予測では1期あたりの増減量や増減率として扱い、製造業では製品ライフサイクルの立ち上がり・衰退の見極めや、設備・在庫水準の見直しのタイミング判断に使われます。", "en": "A sustained long-term direction in which demand increases or decreases. It is modeled as change per period and helps judge product life-cycle phases and when to revise capacity and stock levels.", "zh": "需求长期持续增加或减少的方向性。预测中以每期增减量或增减率处理，用于判断产品生命周期的导入与衰退以及调整产能和库存水平的时机。" }, "related": [ "seasonality", "holt-method", "time-series-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-trend" }, { "id": "demand-standard-deviation", "type": "entry", "ja": "需要の標準偏差", "abbr": null, "en": "Standard Deviation of Demand", "zh": "需求标准差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "需要の標準偏差は、期間ごとの需要量が平均からどれだけばらつくかを示す統計量で、「各期の需要と平均の差の二乗の平均」の平方根で求めます。安全在庫の計算では需要の標準偏差に代えて予測誤差の標準偏差を使う方が実態に合うことが多く、どちらを使うかを明確にすることが大切です。", "en": "A statistic showing how much per-period demand deviates from its mean: the square root of the mean squared difference from the average. For safety stock, the standard deviation of forecast error is often more appropriate.", "zh": "表示各期需求量偏离平均值程度的统计量，为各期需求与平均值之差平方的平均值的平方根。安全库存计算中使用预测误差的标准差往往更符合实际。" }, "related": [ "coefficient-of-variation", "normal-distribution", "forecast-error" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-standard-deviation" }, { "id": "coefficient-of-variation", "type": "entry", "ja": "変動係数", "abbr": "CV", "en": "Coefficient of Variation", "zh": "变异系数", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "変動係数は、標準偏差を平均で割った値で、平均の大きさが異なる品目どうしでばらつきの相対的な大きさを比べるための指標です。製造業では需要の安定度による品目分類や、予測手法・在庫方針の振り分けの基準として使われ、値が大きい品目ほど予測が難しいとみなされます。", "en": "Standard deviation divided by the mean, used to compare relative variability across items with different average volumes. It is used to classify items by demand stability and assign forecasting methods and stock policies.", "zh": "标准差除以平均值，用于比较平均量不同的品目之间的相对波动程度。制造业中用于按需求稳定性对品目分类，并分配预测方法和库存策略。" }, "related": [ "demand-standard-deviation", "intermittent-demand" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/coefficient-of-variation" }, { "id": "normal-distribution", "type": "entry", "ja": "正規分布", "abbr": null, "en": "Normal Distribution", "zh": "正态分布", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "正規分布は、平均を中心に左右対称の釣り鐘型をした確率分布で、平均と標準偏差の二つで形が決まります。安全在庫の「安全係数×標準偏差」という計算はこの分布を前提としており、出荷量の多い品目には当てはまりやすい一方、少量・間欠的な需要では過大・過小な在庫を招くことがあります。", "en": "A symmetric bell-shaped distribution defined by its mean and standard deviation. The common safety stock formula of safety factor times standard deviation assumes it, which fits high-volume items but can mislead for low-volume, intermittent demand.", "zh": "以平均值为中心左右对称的钟形概率分布，由平均值和标准差决定形状。安全系数×标准差的安全库存公式以此为前提，适合出货量大的品目，但对少量间歇需求可能导致库存过多或不足。" }, "related": [ "demand-standard-deviation", "poisson-distribution", "gamma-distribution", "prediction-interval" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/normal-distribution" }, { "id": "poisson-distribution", "type": "entry", "ja": "ポアソン分布", "abbr": null, "en": "Poisson Distribution", "zh": "泊松分布", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "ポアソン分布は、一定期間に稀な事象が何回起きるかを表す離散型の確率分布で、平均と分散が等しいという性質を持ちます。製造業では保守部品やスペアパーツのように需要が少数の整数で発生する品目の需要モデルとして使われ、欠品確率から必要在庫数を求める際に役立ちます。", "en": "A discrete distribution describing how many times a rare event occurs in a period, with mean equal to variance. It models low-volume integer demand such as spare parts, and helps derive stock levels from stockout probability.", "zh": "表示一定期间内稀有事件发生次数的离散概率分布，均值与方差相等。用于备件等以少量整数发生的需求建模，可根据缺货概率求出所需库存数。" }, "related": [ "normal-distribution", "intermittent-demand", "gamma-distribution" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/poisson-distribution" }, { "id": "gamma-distribution", "type": "entry", "ja": "ガンマ分布", "abbr": null, "en": "Gamma Distribution", "zh": "伽马分布", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "ガンマ分布は、ゼロ以上の値だけをとり右に裾が長い連続型の確率分布で、形状と尺度の二つのパラメータで表されます。ばらつきの大きい需要やリードタイム中需要を正規分布で近似するとマイナスの需要を想定してしまう問題があり、その代わりとして安全在庫計算に使われます。", "en": "A continuous, right-skewed distribution over non-negative values, defined by shape and scale parameters. It replaces the normal distribution for highly variable demand or lead-time demand, avoiding implied negative demand.", "zh": "只取非负值且右侧拖尾的连续概率分布，由形状和尺度两个参数表示。对于波动大的需求或提前期需求，可代替正态分布用于安全库存计算，避免出现负需求。" }, "related": [ "normal-distribution", "poisson-distribution", "demand-standard-deviation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gamma-distribution" }, { "id": "intermittent-demand", "type": "entry", "ja": "間欠需要", "abbr": null, "en": "Intermittent Demand", "zh": "间歇性需求", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "間欠需要は、需要ゼロの期間が多く、需要が発生する時期も量も不規則な需要パターンです。保守部品や特注品の構成部品に多く、移動平均などの通常手法では過大・過小な予測になりやすいため、クロストン法や確率分布による在庫計算といった専用の扱いが必要になります。", "en": "A demand pattern with many zero periods and irregular timing and size of demand. Common for spare parts and custom components, it needs dedicated methods such as Croston's method or distribution-based stock calculation.", "zh": "需求为零的期间多、需求发生时间和数量都不规则的需求模式。常见于维修备件和定制品零部件，需要克罗斯顿法或基于概率分布的库存计算等专门方法。" }, "related": [ "croston-method", "poisson-distribution", "coefficient-of-variation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/intermittent-demand" }, { "id": "croston-method", "type": "entry", "ja": "クロストン法", "abbr": null, "en": "Croston's Method", "zh": "克罗斯顿法", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "クロストン法は、間欠需要を「需要が発生したときの量」と「発生間隔」に分け、それぞれを指数平滑で予測して「平均需要量÷平均発生間隔」を期あたり需要とする手法です。偏りを補正した改良版もあり、製造業では保守部品やロングテール品目の補充計算に用いられます。", "en": "A method for intermittent demand that separately smooths demand size and inter-demand interval, and takes size divided by interval as demand per period. Bias-corrected variants exist; it is used for spare parts and long-tail items.", "zh": "将间歇需求拆分为发生时的需求量和发生间隔，分别用指数平滑预测，以平均需求量÷平均间隔作为每期需求的方法。另有修正偏差的改进版，用于备件和长尾品目的补货计算。" }, "related": [ "intermittent-demand", "exponential-smoothing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/croston-method" }, { "id": "forecast-error", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測誤差", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Error", "zh": "预测误差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測誤差は、実績値と予測値の差で、通常「実績−予測」で表します（定義の向きは組織で統一が必要です）。誤差の平均は偏りを、誤差のばらつきは不確実性の大きさを示し、製造業では後者が安全在庫の量を決めるため、精度評価と在庫計算の両方の基礎データになります。", "en": "The difference between actual and forecast, usually actual minus forecast, with the sign convention fixed within the organization. Its mean shows bias and its spread shows uncertainty, which drives safety stock.", "zh": "实绩值与预测值之差，通常表示为实绩－预测，方向需在组织内统一。误差均值表示偏差，误差波动表示不确定性，后者决定安全库存量。" }, "related": [ "mape", "mae", "rmse", "forecast-bias", "forecast-accuracy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-error" }, { "id": "mape", "type": "entry", "ja": "平均絶対誤差率", "abbr": "MAPE", "en": "Mean Absolute Percentage Error", "zh": "平均绝对百分比误差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "MAPEは、各期の「|実績−予測|÷実績」を平均して百分率で表した予測誤差の指標です。規模の異なる品目を比べやすい反面、実績がゼロや小さい期で値が極端に大きくなるため、少量品や間欠需要を含む製造業の品目群ではWAPEなどと併用するのが一般的です。", "en": "The average of absolute error divided by actual for each period, expressed as a percentage. Easy to compare across items, but it explodes when actuals are zero or small, so it is paired with WAPE for low-volume items.", "zh": "将各期|实绩－预测|÷实绩求平均并以百分比表示的误差指标。便于比较规模不同的品目，但实绩为零或很小时数值会极端变大，因此常与WAPE并用。" }, "related": [ "wape", "mae", "forecast-error", "forecast-accuracy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mape" }, { "id": "wape", "type": "entry", "ja": "加重平均絶対誤差率", "abbr": "WAPE", "en": "Weighted Absolute Percentage Error", "zh": "加权绝对百分比误差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "WAPEは、「絶対誤差の合計÷実績の合計」で求める予測誤差の指標で、数量の大きい品目や期間ほど結果に強く効きます。実績ゼロの期でも計算でき、全体の誤差量を実態に近い形で表せるため、多品目を集計して予測精度を管理する製造業や流通業で広く使われます。", "en": "Sum of absolute errors divided by sum of actuals, so high-volume items and periods carry more weight. It works with zero actuals and reflects total error realistically, making it popular for multi-item accuracy reporting.", "zh": "以绝对误差合计÷实绩合计计算的误差指标，数量大的品目和期间影响更大。实绩为零时也可计算，能较真实地反映整体误差，广泛用于多品目精度管理。" }, "related": [ "mape", "mae", "forecast-accuracy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/wape" }, { "id": "mae", "type": "entry", "ja": "平均絶対誤差", "abbr": "MAE", "en": "Mean Absolute Error", "zh": "平均绝对误差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "MAEは、各期の予測誤差の絶対値を平均した指標で、「|実績−予測|の合計÷期数」で求めます。単位が数量のままなので現場で解釈しやすく、在庫理論ではMADとも呼ばれ、標準偏差の近似（約1.25倍）として安全在庫の計算に使われることもあります。", "en": "The average of absolute forecast errors: sum of absolute (actual minus forecast) divided by number of periods. It stays in units, is easy to interpret, and as MAD it approximates the standard deviation (about 1.25 times) in safety stock calculations.", "zh": "各期预测误差绝对值的平均，公式为|实绩－预测|合计÷期数。单位仍为数量便于理解，在库存理论中也称MAD，可乘以约1.25近似标准差用于安全库存计算。" }, "related": [ "rmse", "mape", "forecast-error" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mae" }, { "id": "rmse", "type": "entry", "ja": "二乗平均平方根誤差", "abbr": "RMSE", "en": "Root Mean Squared Error", "zh": "均方根误差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "RMSEは、予測誤差を二乗して平均し、その平方根をとった指標です。大きな外れを強く罰する性質があるため、欠品につながる大きな予測ミスを避けたい場面のモデル比較に向き、偏りがなければ予測誤差の標準偏差とほぼ一致するので安全在庫の入力にも使われます。", "en": "The square root of the mean of squared forecast errors. It penalizes large misses heavily, suiting model comparison where big errors are costly, and approximates the error standard deviation when unbiased.", "zh": "将预测误差平方后求平均再开平方的指标。对大偏差惩罚较重，适合需要避免大幅预测失误的模型比较；无偏时近似于误差标准差，也可用于安全库存计算。" }, "related": [ "mae", "forecast-error", "demand-standard-deviation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/rmse" }, { "id": "forecast-bias", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測バイアス／バイアス", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Bias", "zh": "预测偏差", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測バイアスは、予測が実績に対して一方向に偏り続ける傾向のことで、「誤差の合計÷実績の合計」などで測ります。過大予測が続けば過剰在庫、過小予測が続けば欠品を招き、ばらつきと違って安全在庫では吸収できないため、製造業では精度指標と別に監視します。", "en": "A persistent tendency of forecasts to err in one direction, measured for example as sum of errors divided by sum of actuals. Over-forecasting causes excess stock and under-forecasting causes shortages; safety stock cannot absorb it.", "zh": "预测相对实绩持续向一个方向偏离的倾向，可用误差合计÷实绩合计等衡量。持续高估导致库存过剩，持续低估导致缺货，安全库存无法吸收，因此需单独监控。" }, "related": [ "tracking-signal", "forecast-error", "forecast-accuracy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-bias" }, { "id": "tracking-signal", "type": "entry", "ja": "トラッキングシグナル", "abbr": null, "en": "Tracking Signal", "zh": "跟踪信号", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "トラッキングシグナルは、「予測誤差の累積和÷平均絶対誤差（MAD）」で求める、予測の偏りを検知するための指標です。値がおおむね±4〜6の管理限界を超えると予測モデルが需要の変化に追いついていないとみなし、製造業では多品目の中から見直すべき品目を自動で抽出する用途に使われます。", "en": "An indicator of forecast bias calculated as cumulative forecast error divided by mean absolute deviation. Exceeding control limits of roughly plus or minus 4 to 6 flags items whose model needs review.", "zh": "以预测误差累计和÷平均绝对偏差（MAD）计算、用于检测预测偏差的指标。超出约±4至6的控制界限即视为模型未跟上需求变化，用于从多品目中自动筛选需重新检查的品目。" }, "related": [ "forecast-bias", "mae", "forecast-error" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/tracking-signal" }, { "id": "forecast-accuracy", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測精度", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Accuracy", "zh": "预测精度", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測精度は、予測値が実績にどれだけ近かったかを表す度合いで、一般に「1−WAPE」などの形で誤差指標から換算して示します。評価する集計粒度（品目・拠点・月など）と予測時点（何か月前の予測か）を揃えないと比較ができないため、製造業では定義を文書化して運用します。", "en": "How close forecasts were to actuals, typically reported as one minus an error measure such as WAPE. The aggregation level and forecast lag must be fixed for results to be comparable.", "zh": "表示预测值与实绩接近程度的指标，通常以1－WAPE等形式由误差指标换算。若不统一评价粒度和预测时点则无法比较，因此需将定义文档化。" }, "related": [ "wape", "mape", "forecast-bias", "forecast-value-added" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-accuracy" }, { "id": "forecast-value-added", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測の付加価値分析", "abbr": "FVA", "en": "Forecast Value Added", "zh": "预测附加值分析", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測の付加価値分析は、予測プロセスの各段階（統計予測・営業修正・会議での合意など）が、単純な基準予測と比べて誤差をどれだけ減らしたかを測る考え方です。「基準予測の誤差−各段階の誤差」で評価し、精度を悪化させている手作業の修正を見つけて工数を減らす目的で使われます。", "en": "An approach that measures how much each step of the forecasting process, such as statistical forecast, sales override or consensus, reduces error compared with a naive baseline. It reveals manual adjustments that make accuracy worse.", "zh": "衡量预测流程各环节（统计预测、销售修正、会议共识等）相比简单基准预测减少了多少误差的方法。以基准误差－各环节误差评价，用于发现使精度变差的人工修正。" }, "related": [ "consensus-forecast", "forecast-accuracy", "demand-planning" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-value-added" }, { "id": "consensus-forecast", "type": "entry", "ja": "コンセンサス予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Consensus Forecast", "zh": "共识预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "コンセンサス予測は、統計予測を出発点に、営業・マーケティング・生産・財務などの関係部門が情報を持ち寄って合意した単一の予測値です。部門ごとに別の数字で動く状態を解消する狙いがあり、製造業ではS&OPの会議体で月次に更新されますが、修正の効果はFVAで検証する必要があります。", "en": "A single forecast agreed by sales, marketing, production and finance, starting from the statistical forecast. It removes the problem of departments working from different numbers, but its adjustments should be checked with FVA.", "zh": "以统计预测为起点，由销售、市场、生产、财务等部门汇集信息后达成一致的单一预测值。目的是消除各部门各用一套数字的状态，但修正效果需用FVA验证。" }, "related": [ "demand-planning", "forecast-value-added" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/consensus-forecast" }, { "id": "demand-sensing", "type": "entry", "ja": "需要センシング", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand Sensing", "zh": "需求感知", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "需要センシングは、受注残・出荷・販売店POS・在庫推移などの日次レベルの最新データを使い、数日〜数週間先の短期予測を細かく補正する手法です。月次の計画予測では捉えきれない直近の変化を反映でき、製造業では出荷計画や配分、補充の精度を上げる目的で使われます。", "en": "Using the latest daily signals such as open orders, shipments, retail POS and stock movements to refine short-term forecasts days to weeks ahead. It captures recent shifts that monthly plans miss and improves shipping and replenishment.", "zh": "利用未交订单、出货、POS、库存变动等日级最新数据，对数天至数周的短期预测进行细致修正的方法。能反映月度计划预测无法捕捉的近期变化，提高出货和补货精度。" }, "related": [ "demand-forecasting", "machine-learning-demand-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-sensing" }, { "id": "machine-learning-demand-forecasting", "type": "entry", "ja": "機械学習による需要予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Machine Learning Demand Forecasting", "zh": "基于机器学习的需求预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "機械学習による需要予測は、勾配ブースティングやニューラルネットワークなどのモデルに過去実績と価格・販促・天候などの説明変数を学習させ、需要を推定する方法です。多数の要因や品目間の関係を扱える一方、データ準備と検証の手間が大きく、統計手法との精度比較と説明可能性の確保が導入の前提になります。", "en": "Estimating demand by training models such as gradient boosting or neural networks on history plus drivers like price, promotion and weather. It handles many factors but requires heavy data preparation, validation against statistical baselines and explainability.", "zh": "利用梯度提升、神经网络等模型，学习历史实绩及价格、促销、天气等解释变量来推测需求的方法。能处理多种因素，但数据准备和验证工作量大，需与统计方法比较精度并确保可解释性。" }, "related": [ "explanatory-variable", "feature-engineering", "overfitting", "forecast-model-validation", "explainability" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/machine-learning-demand-forecasting" }, { "id": "explanatory-variable", "type": "entry", "ja": "説明変数", "abbr": null, "en": "Explanatory Variable", "zh": "解释变量", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "説明変数は、予測したい値（目的変数）の変化を説明するためにモデルへ入力する変数で、需要予測では価格、販促の有無、曜日、気温、顧客の生産計画などが該当します。予測時点で将来値が手に入らない変数は実運用で使えないため、入手可能性を確かめてから採用することが重要です。", "en": "A variable fed into a model to explain changes in the target, such as price, promotion, weekday, temperature or customer production plans. Variables whose future values are unavailable at forecast time cannot be used in practice.", "zh": "为解释目标变量变化而输入模型的变量，需求预测中如价格、促销、星期、气温、客户生产计划等。预测时无法获得未来值的变量无法实际使用，需先确认可获得性。" }, "related": [ "feature-engineering", "machine-learning-demand-forecasting", "promotion-effect" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/explanatory-variable" }, { "id": "feature-engineering", "type": "entry", "ja": "特徴量／特徴量エンジニアリング", "abbr": null, "en": "Feature Engineering", "zh": "特征工程", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "特徴量は、生データを機械学習モデルが扱いやすい形に加工した入力項目で、それを設計する作業を特徴量エンジニアリングと呼びます。需要予測では前年同期の実績、直近の移動平均、祝日フラグ、販促期間中かどうかなどが代表例で、予測時点より後の情報が混入しないよう注意が必要です。", "en": "Features are inputs derived from raw data in a form a model can use, and designing them is feature engineering. Examples are last year's same-period sales, recent moving averages and holiday flags; information from after the forecast date must not leak in.", "zh": "特征是将原始数据加工成模型易用形式的输入项，设计特征的工作称为特征工程。需求预测中如去年同期实绩、近期移动平均、节假日标志等，需注意不得混入预测时点之后的信息。" }, "related": [ "explanatory-variable", "machine-learning-demand-forecasting", "overfitting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/feature-engineering" }, { "id": "overfitting", "type": "entry", "ja": "過学習", "abbr": null, "en": "Overfitting", "zh": "过拟合", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "過学習は、モデルが学習データの偶然の変動まで覚え込んでしまい、学習データでは誤差が小さいのに未知のデータでは精度が落ちる状態です。品目ごとのデータ量が少ない製造業の需要予測で起きやすく、交差検証やバックテストで学習に使っていない期間の精度を確かめることで見抜きます。", "en": "A state in which a model memorizes random noise in training data, so it fits history well but performs poorly on new data. It is common when per-item history is short and is detected by cross-validation and backtesting.", "zh": "模型连训练数据中的偶然波动也记住，导致训练数据上误差小而在未知数据上精度下降的状态。在单品目数据量少时容易发生，可通过交叉验证和回测发现。" }, "related": [ "cross-validation", "backtesting", "forecast-model-validation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/overfitting" }, { "id": "cross-validation", "type": "entry", "ja": "交差検証", "abbr": null, "en": "Cross-Validation", "zh": "交叉验证", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "交差検証は、データを複数に分け、一部で学習して残りで精度を測る作業を入れ替えながら繰り返し、モデルの汎化性能を評価する手法です。時系列では未来のデータで学習して過去を当てることにならないよう、評価期間を時間順に後ろへずらしていく方式（時系列交差検証）を使います。", "en": "A method that splits data, trains on some parts and evaluates on the rest in rotation to assess generalization. For time series, a rolling-origin scheme is used so that the model never learns from the future.", "zh": "将数据分成多份，轮流用部分数据训练、其余数据评估，以评价模型泛化能力的方法。时间序列中采用按时间顺序向后滚动评估期间的方式，避免用未来数据预测过去。" }, "related": [ "backtesting", "overfitting", "forecast-model-validation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cross-validation" }, { "id": "backtesting", "type": "entry", "ja": "バックテスト", "abbr": null, "en": "Backtesting", "zh": "回测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "バックテストは、過去のある時点に立ち戻ったと仮定し、その時点までのデータだけで予測を作って、その後の実績と比べることで手法の精度を検証する方法です。需要予測では予測値だけでなく、その予測で発注していたら在庫・欠品がどうなったかまでシミュレーションすると、在庫への効果が評価できます。", "en": "Validating a method by pretending to stand at a past date, forecasting with only data available then, and comparing with what actually happened. Simulating resulting stock and stockouts shows the inventory impact.", "zh": "假设回到过去某一时点，仅用当时可得数据进行预测，再与之后的实绩比较来验证方法精度。若进一步模拟按该预测订货时的库存和缺货情况，可评价对库存的效果。" }, "related": [ "cross-validation", "forecast-model-validation", "monte-carlo-simulation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/backtesting" }, { "id": "quantile-forecast", "type": "entry", "ja": "分位点予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Quantile Forecast", "zh": "分位数预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "分位点予測は、需要が「この値を下回る確率がp％」となる値を直接予測する方法で、たとえば90％分位点は需要の9割をまかなえる水準を示します。目標サービス率に対応する分位点をそのまま在庫目標に使えるため、正規分布を仮定しにくい品目の在庫設定に有効です。", "en": "Forecasting directly the value that demand will fall below with probability p; for example, the 90th percentile covers 90 percent of outcomes. The quantile matching the service target can be used as the stock target.", "zh": "直接预测需求低于该值的概率为p％的数值，例如90％分位点表示可满足九成需求的水平。可将与目标服务水平对应的分位点直接作为库存目标，适用于难以假定正态分布的品目。" }, "related": [ "probabilistic-forecast", "prediction-interval" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/quantile-forecast" }, { "id": "probabilistic-forecast", "type": "entry", "ja": "確率的予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Probabilistic Forecast", "zh": "概率预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "確率的予測は、需要を一つの値ではなく、起こりうる値とその確率の分布として示す予測です。点予測では見えない不確実性の大きさを在庫計算に直接持ち込めるため、欠品コストと在庫コストのバランスを考えた発注量や安全在庫の決定に使われます。", "en": "A forecast that expresses demand as a distribution of possible values and probabilities rather than a single number. It brings uncertainty directly into stock calculations to balance shortage and holding costs.", "zh": "不以单一数值，而以可能取值及其概率分布表示需求的预测。可将单点预测看不到的不确定性直接用于库存计算，用于权衡缺货成本与持有成本来决定订货量和安全库存。" }, "related": [ "quantile-forecast", "prediction-interval", "monte-carlo-simulation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/probabilistic-forecast" }, { "id": "prediction-interval", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測区間", "abbr": null, "en": "Prediction Interval", "zh": "预测区间", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測区間は、将来の実績が指定した確率（例えば95％）で収まると見込まれる値の幅のことです。点予測と一緒に示すことで計画の確からしさを共有でき、製造業では区間の上端を生産能力や資材手配の上限検討に、幅の広さを安全在庫の見直しの目安に使います。", "en": "The range within which a future actual is expected to fall with a stated probability, such as 95 percent. Shown with the point forecast, it communicates uncertainty and guides capacity and safety stock reviews.", "zh": "未来实绩以指定概率（如95％）落入的数值范围。与点预测一起展示可共享计划的可信度，上限用于产能和物料安排的上限研究，宽度用于安全库存的调整参考。" }, "related": [ "quantile-forecast", "probabilistic-forecast", "normal-distribution" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/prediction-interval" }, { "id": "demand-outlier", "type": "entry", "ja": "外れ値", "abbr": null, "en": "Outlier", "zh": "异常值", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "外れ値は、他のデータから大きく離れた値のことで、需要実績では一度きりの大口受注、入力ミス、災害や欠品の影響などが原因になります。そのまま予測モデルに入れると将来の予測が歪むため、原因を確かめたうえで除外・補正するか、別管理の特需として扱うかを決めます。", "en": "A value far from the rest of the data, caused in demand history by one-off large orders, input errors, disasters or stockouts. It distorts forecasts, so it should be investigated and removed, corrected or handled separately.", "zh": "与其他数据相差很大的值，在需求实绩中由一次性大单、录入错误、灾害或缺货等引起。直接输入模型会扭曲预测，需在确认原因后剔除、修正或作为特殊需求单独管理。" }, "related": [ "missing-value-imputation", "censored-demand", "forecast-model-validation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-outlier" }, { "id": "missing-value-imputation", "type": "entry", "ja": "欠損値処理", "abbr": null, "en": "Missing Value Imputation", "zh": "缺失值处理", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "欠損値処理は、システム停止や記録漏れで抜け落ちたデータを、除外したり、前後の値や類似データから推定して補ったりする作業です。需要データでは「記録がない」と「需要がゼロ」を区別することが重要で、取り違えると予測が過小になり、在庫不足につながります。", "en": "Handling data missing due to system outages or recording gaps by excluding it or estimating it from neighbors or similar data. In demand data, no record must be distinguished from zero demand to avoid under-forecasting.", "zh": "对因系统停机或记录遗漏而缺失的数据进行剔除，或根据前后值及相似数据推测补全的工作。需求数据中必须区分没有记录与需求为零，混淆会导致预测偏低和库存不足。" }, "related": [ "demand-outlier", "censored-demand" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/missing-value-imputation" }, { "id": "censored-demand", "type": "entry", "ja": "欠品による需要の打ち切り", "abbr": null, "en": "Censored Demand", "zh": "截断需求", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "欠品による需要の打ち切りは、在庫切れの期間に本来あった需要が出荷実績に現れず、実績が真の需要より小さく記録される現象です。出荷実績だけで予測すると欠品が欠品を呼ぶ悪循環になるため、受注・引き合いの記録や欠品期間の補正によって真の需要を推定し直します。", "en": "The phenomenon in which demand during stockouts does not appear in shipment history, so recorded sales understate true demand. Forecasting from shipments alone creates a vicious cycle, so orders and stockout periods are used to correct it.", "zh": "缺货期间本应存在的需求未体现在出货实绩中，导致记录的实绩小于真实需求的现象。仅凭出货实绩预测会形成缺货引发缺货的恶性循环，需利用订单记录和缺货期间修正来重新估算真实需求。" }, "related": [ "missing-value-imputation", "demand-outlier", "demand-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/censored-demand" }, { "id": "new-product-forecasting", "type": "entry", "ja": "新製品の需要予測", "abbr": null, "en": "New Product Forecasting", "zh": "新产品需求预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "新製品の需要予測は、販売実績がない、または非常に少ない製品について需要を見積もることで、類似品の立ち上がり曲線、市場調査、受注見込み、専門家の判断などを組み合わせて行います。不確実性が極めて大きいため、製造業では初期ロットを抑え、実績が出始めたら短いサイクルで予測を更新する運用が重要です。", "en": "Estimating demand for products with little or no sales history by combining analog product curves, market research, expected orders and expert judgment. Given high uncertainty, initial lots are kept small and forecasts updated frequently.", "zh": "对没有或仅有极少销售实绩的产品估算需求，结合类似品的导入曲线、市场调查、预期订单和专家判断进行。由于不确定性极大，应控制首批批量，并在出现实绩后短周期更新预测。" }, "related": [ "analog-forecasting", "demand-forecasting", "probabilistic-forecast" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/new-product-forecasting" }, { "id": "analog-forecasting", "type": "entry", "ja": "類似品予測", "abbr": null, "en": "Analog Forecasting", "zh": "类比预测", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "類似品予測は、新製品や実績の少ない品目について、仕様・価格帯・販路が似た既存製品の販売推移を当てはめて需要を推定する方法です。どの製品を類似とみなすかで結果が大きく変わるため、選定基準を明文化し、複数の類似品の平均や幅で示すのが実務上のポイントです。", "en": "Estimating demand for new or low-history items by applying the sales pattern of existing products with similar specifications, price and channels. Because results depend on which analogs are chosen, selection criteria should be documented.", "zh": "对新产品或实绩少的品目，套用规格、价格带、渠道相似的现有产品的销售走势来推测需求。选择哪个产品作为类比对结果影响很大，需明确选定标准，并以多个类比品的平均或范围表示。" }, "related": [ "new-product-forecasting", "demand-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/analog-forecasting" }, { "id": "promotion-effect", "type": "entry", "ja": "プロモーション効果", "abbr": null, "en": "Promotion Effect", "zh": "促销效果", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "プロモーション効果は、値引きやキャンペーンなどの販促によって、平常時の需要（ベースライン）に上乗せされた需要の増分のことです。販促後の反動減や前倒し購入も伴うため、製造業では販促計画を予測に織り込み、期間中の増産と前後の在庫水準を合わせて計画します。", "en": "The lift in demand above the normal baseline caused by discounts or campaigns. Because post-promotion dips and forward buying follow, promotion plans are built into forecasts and production and stock levels are planned around them.", "zh": "折扣、活动等促销在平常需求（基线）之上增加的需求增量。促销后常伴随需求回落和提前购买，因此需将促销计划纳入预测，同时规划期间增产和前后库存水平。" }, "related": [ "cannibalization", "explanatory-variable", "demand-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/promotion-effect" }, { "id": "cannibalization", "type": "entry", "ja": "カニバリゼーション", "abbr": null, "en": "Cannibalization", "zh": "自相蚕食", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "カニバリゼーションは、新製品の投入や一部品目の販促によって、同じ会社の既存製品の需要が奪われる現象です。予測では増えた品目だけを見ると全体需要を過大に見積もるため、製造業では製品群単位の合計需要と品目間の振り替わりを合わせて計画し、旧製品の在庫過多を防ぎます。", "en": "The loss of demand for a company's existing products caused by a new launch or promotion of another of its items. Looking only at the growing item overstates total demand, so planning should consider product-family totals and shifts between items.", "zh": "新产品上市或部分品目促销导致同一公司现有产品需求被抢走的现象。只看增长品目会高估总需求，因此需结合产品群总需求和品目间转移进行计划，防止旧产品库存过剩。" }, "related": [ "promotion-effect", "new-product-forecasting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cannibalization" }, { "id": "demand-leveling", "type": "entry", "ja": "需要の平準化", "abbr": null, "en": "Demand Smoothing", "zh": "需求平准化", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "需要の平準化は、需要の山谷をそのまま生産や発注に流さず、期間内でならして安定した負荷にする考え方です。顧客との受注調整や販促時期の分散で需要側をならす方法と、作り置き在庫で生産側をならす方法があり、後者は在庫を増やすため、ならす効果と在庫コストを比べて判断します。", "en": "Evening out demand peaks and troughs so production and ordering see a stable load. It can be done on the demand side by adjusting orders and promotion timing, or on the supply side with pre-built stock, which costs inventory.", "zh": "不将需求的高峰低谷直接传递给生产和订货，而在期间内加以平滑以形成稳定负荷的思路。可通过调整订单和分散促销时间平滑需求侧，也可通过提前生产库存平滑生产侧，后者需权衡库存成本。" }, "related": [ "seasonality", "promotion-effect" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/demand-leveling" }, { "id": "monte-carlo-simulation", "type": "entry", "ja": "モンテカルロシミュレーション", "abbr": null, "en": "Monte Carlo Simulation", "zh": "蒙特卡洛模拟", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "モンテカルロシミュレーションは、需要やリードタイムなどの不確実な要素を確率分布から乱数で何千回も発生させ、結果の分布を求める手法です。在庫管理では発注方式や安全在庫の設定ごとに欠品率・平均在庫を試算でき、解析式では扱いにくい複雑な条件の評価に向いています。", "en": "A method that draws uncertain inputs such as demand and lead time from distributions thousands of times to obtain the distribution of outcomes. It estimates stockout rates and average stock for each policy under complex conditions.", "zh": "从概率分布中以随机数数千次生成需求、提前期等不确定因素，求出结果分布的方法。在库存管理中可按订货方式和安全库存设置试算缺货率和平均库存，适合评价复杂条件。" }, "related": [ "probabilistic-forecast", "backtesting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/monte-carlo-simulation" }, { "id": "forecast-model-validation", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測モデルの検証", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Model Validation", "zh": "预测模型验证", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測モデルの検証は、モデルが実運用に耐えるかを、学習に使っていない期間の精度、偏り、品目群ごとの得手不得手、単純な基準予測との比較で確かめる作業です。AIが算出した予測では、算出に使ったデータ期間と項目、外れ値の扱い、結果を人が再計算・追跡できるかも確認し、根拠を説明できない数値は発注に使わない運用が求められます。", "en": "Checking whether a model is fit for use through out-of-sample accuracy, bias, performance by item group and comparison with a naive baseline. For AI-generated forecasts, the input data period, fields, outlier handling and reproducibility must also be verified.", "zh": "通过未用于训练的期间的精度、偏差、各品目群的表现及与简单基准预测的比较，确认模型能否实际使用。对AI算出的预测，还需确认所用数据期间和字段、异常值处理以及结果能否被人复算和追溯。" }, "related": [ "backtesting", "cross-validation", "overfitting", "explainability", "forecast-bias" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-model-validation" }, { "id": "explainability", "type": "entry", "ja": "説明可能性", "abbr": null, "en": "Explainability", "zh": "可解释性", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "説明可能性は、モデルがなぜその予測値を出したのかを、影響した要因とその寄与度などで人が理解できる形に示せる性質のことです。需要予測では計画担当者が数字を信頼して修正の要否を判断するために欠かせず、機械学習モデルでは要因ごとの寄与を分解して示す手法が併用されます。", "en": "The ability to show in human terms why a model produced a forecast, such as which factors contributed and how much. Planners need it to trust numbers and decide on overrides, and machine learning models use contribution-decomposition techniques.", "zh": "能以人可理解的形式说明模型为何得出该预测值，如影响因素及其贡献度的性质。对计划人员信任数字并判断是否修正不可或缺，机器学习模型常配合使用分解各因素贡献的方法。" }, "related": [ "machine-learning-demand-forecasting", "forecast-model-validation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/explainability" }, { "id": "forecast-horizon", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測期間／予測ホライズン", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Horizon", "zh": "预测期间", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測期間は、予測を作成する時点から何期先までを予測の対象とするかを表す範囲です。製造業では調達リードタイムや生産計画の凍結期間より長くとる必要があり、先の期間ほど誤差が大きくなるため、精度は「何か月前に作った予測か」というラグを固定して評価します。", "en": "How many periods ahead a forecast covers from the time it is made. In manufacturing it must exceed procurement lead time and frozen planning periods, and accuracy is evaluated at a fixed lag because error grows with distance.", "zh": "从编制预测时点起预测多少期之后的范围。在制造业中需长于采购提前期和生产计划冻结期，越远误差越大，因此精度需固定预测提前量来评价。" }, "related": [ "forecast-accuracy", "forecast-granularity" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-horizon" }, { "id": "forecast-granularity", "type": "entry", "ja": "予測粒度", "abbr": null, "en": "Forecast Granularity", "zh": "预测粒度", "category": "需要予測・統計", "definition": { "ja": "予測粒度は、予測を作る単位の細かさで、品目・品目グループ・拠点・顧客と、日・週・月といった時間の組み合わせで決まります。細かいほど誤差率は大きくなり、集約すると打ち消し合って安定するため、製造業では製品群で予測して品目へ按分するなど、用途に合った粒度を選びます。", "en": "The level of detail at which forecasts are made, defined by item, group, site or customer combined with day, week or month. Finer levels have larger error rates, so forecasts are often made at family level and disaggregated.", "zh": "编制预测的单位细度，由品目、品目组、据点、客户与日、周、月等时间组合决定。越细误差率越大，汇总后误差相互抵消而稳定，因此常在产品群层面预测后再分摊到品目。" }, "related": [ "forecast-horizon", "forecast-accuracy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forecast-granularity" }, { "id": "stocktaking", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸", "abbr": null, "en": "Stocktaking", "zh": "盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸は、手元にある在庫の数量を数えて確認し、帳簿上の在庫と照合して差異を正す業務の総称です。製造業では決算での在庫金額の確定と、日々の計画に使う在庫データの正しさの維持という二つの目的があり、原材料・仕掛品・製品の区分ごとに実施します。", "en": "The general practice of counting on-hand inventory, reconciling it with book records and correcting differences. In manufacturing it serves both financial closing and keeping planning data accurate, across raw materials, WIP and finished goods.", "zh": "清点现有库存数量并与账面库存核对、纠正差异的业务总称。制造业中兼具确定决算库存金额和保持日常计划用库存数据准确两个目的，按原材料、在制品、成品分别实施。" }, "related": [ "physical-inventory", "cycle-counting", "book-inventory", "stocktaking-discrepancy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stocktaking" }, { "id": "physical-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "実地棚卸", "abbr": null, "en": "Physical Inventory Count", "zh": "实地盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "実地棚卸は、倉庫や現場に出向いて実物を一つずつ数え、在庫の実数を確定させる作業です。帳簿の数字だけで在庫を確定する帳簿棚卸と対になる言葉で、会計監査では期末の実地棚卸の実施と立会いが重視され、製造業では仕掛品の進捗度の確認も含めて行います。", "en": "Going to the warehouse or shop floor and physically counting items to establish actual quantities. It contrasts with book stocktaking, is emphasized in audits at period end, and in manufacturing includes checking WIP completion stages.", "zh": "前往仓库或现场逐一清点实物以确定库存实数的作业。与仅凭账面确定库存的账面盘点相对，审计中重视期末实地盘点的实施与监盘，制造业中还包括确认在制品进度。" }, "related": [ "stocktaking", "wall-to-wall-count", "physical-stock" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/physical-inventory" }, { "id": "wall-to-wall-count", "type": "entry", "ja": "一斉棚卸", "abbr": null, "en": "Wall-to-Wall Count", "zh": "全面盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "一斉棚卸は、決算期末などの特定日に入出庫を止め、全品目・全ロケーションを一度に数える棚卸方式です。一時点の在庫を網羅的に確定できる一方、出荷や生産を止める必要があり人員も多く要るため、循環棚卸で精度を保ちながら一斉棚卸の回数や範囲を減らす企業が増えています。", "en": "A count of all items and locations at once on a specific date such as period end, with movements stopped. It gives a complete snapshot but halts shipping and production and needs many people, so many firms reduce it with cycle counting.", "zh": "在决算期末等特定日停止出入库，一次性清点全部品目和库位的盘点方式。能全面确定某时点库存，但需停止出货和生产且人员需求大，越来越多企业以循环盘点维持精度而减少全面盘点。" }, "related": [ "cycle-counting", "count-freeze", "physical-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/wall-to-wall-count" }, { "id": "cycle-counting", "type": "entry", "ja": "循環棚卸／サイクルカウント", "abbr": null, "en": "Cycle Counting", "zh": "循环盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "循環棚卸は、在庫全体を一度に数えず、品目やロケーションを分けて日々・週ごとに少しずつ順番に数えていく棚卸方式です。業務を止めずに実施でき、差異をすぐに見つけて原因をつぶせるため、在庫精度の継続的な改善手段として位置づけられ、条件を満たせば期末の一斉棚卸を代替できる場合もあります。", "en": "Counting a subset of items or locations each day or week in rotation instead of everything at once. It runs without stopping operations and finds discrepancies quickly, driving continuous accuracy improvement and sometimes replacing year-end counts.", "zh": "不一次性清点全部库存，而是按品目或库位分批、每天或每周依次清点的盘点方式。无需停止业务，能及时发现差异并消除原因，是持续提升库存精度的手段，满足条件时可替代期末全面盘点。" }, "related": [ "abc-cycle-counting", "wall-to-wall-count", "inventory-record-accuracy", "count-frequency" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cycle-counting" }, { "id": "book-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "帳簿在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Book Inventory", "zh": "账面库存", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "帳簿在庫は、入庫・出庫・移動などの取引記録を積み上げて、システムや台帳上で計算された在庫数量のことです。日々の引当・発注・生産計画はこの数字を前提に動くため、実在庫との一致度が計画の信頼性を左右し、ずれは棚卸で検出して調整します。", "en": "The inventory quantity calculated in systems or ledgers by accumulating receipts, issues and transfers. Daily allocation, ordering and planning rely on it, so its match with physical stock determines plan reliability.", "zh": "通过累计入库、出库、移库等交易记录在系统或台账上计算出的库存数量。日常分配、订货和生产计划都以此为前提，其与实物库存的一致程度决定计划可靠性。" }, "related": [ "physical-stock", "theoretical-inventory", "inventory-discrepancy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/book-inventory" }, { "id": "physical-stock", "type": "entry", "ja": "実在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Physical Stock", "zh": "实物库存", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "実在庫は、倉庫や工程に実際に存在する在庫の数量で、棚卸で数えて確認される値です。帳簿在庫とずれていると、システム上は在庫があるのに出庫できない、あるいは不要な発注が出るといった問題が起きるため、製造業では両者の一致を在庫精度として管理します。", "en": "The quantity actually present in warehouses or processes, confirmed by counting. When it differs from book inventory, items appear available but cannot be issued or unnecessary orders are triggered.", "zh": "仓库或工序中实际存在的库存数量，通过盘点清点确认。若与账面库存不符，会出现系统显示有货却无法出库或产生不必要订货等问题，因此将两者一致程度作为库存精度管理。" }, "related": [ "book-inventory", "inventory-record-accuracy", "stocktaking-discrepancy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/physical-stock" }, { "id": "theoretical-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "理論在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Theoretical Inventory", "zh": "理论库存", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "理論在庫は、期首在庫に入庫を足し、生産実績から部品表で逆算した消費量などを差し引いて求める、本来あるべき在庫量のことです。実在庫との差には歩留まりのずれ、記録されない廃棄、部品表の誤りなどが表れるため、製造業ではロスの所在を探る分析の基準として使われます。", "en": "The inventory that should exist, calculated as opening stock plus receipts minus consumption derived from production output and bills of materials. Its gap to physical stock reveals yield differences, unrecorded scrap or BOM errors.", "zh": "以期初库存加入库、减去根据生产实绩和物料清单倒推的消耗量等求得的应有库存量。与实物库存的差异反映成品率偏差、未记录的报废或物料清单错误，用作查找损耗来源的基准。" }, "related": [ "book-inventory", "physical-stock", "variance-analysis" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/theoretical-inventory" }, { "id": "stocktaking-discrepancy", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸差異", "abbr": null, "en": "Count Variance", "zh": "盘点差异", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸差異は、棚卸で数えた実数と、その時点の帳簿在庫との差のことで、「実数−帳簿数」で表します。差異は数量と金額の両面で把握し、確定後は在庫調整として帳簿に反映するとともに、原因を調べて同じ差異が再発しないよう業務を直すことが大切です。", "en": "The difference between the counted quantity and the book quantity at the time of the count, expressed as count minus book. It is assessed in quantity and value, posted as an adjustment, and its cause is investigated to prevent recurrence.", "zh": "盘点清点的实数与当时账面库存之差，以实数－账面数表示。需从数量和金额两方面把握，确认后作为库存调整反映到账面，并调查原因、改进业务以防再发。" }, "related": [ "inventory-discrepancy", "variance-analysis", "inventory-adjustment", "variance-root-cause" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stocktaking-discrepancy" }, { "id": "inventory-discrepancy", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫差異", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Discrepancy", "zh": "库存差异", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "在庫差異は、帳簿在庫と実在庫が一致していない状態や、その差の量を広く指す言葉です。棚卸のときだけでなく、出庫時に棚が空だった、ピッキングで数が合わなかったといった日常業務でも見つかり、発見時点で記録して原因を追える仕組みが在庫精度の維持に欠かせません。", "en": "A broad term for a mismatch between book and physical inventory, or its size. It is found not only during counts but in daily work, such as empty shelves at picking, and must be logged when found so causes can be traced.", "zh": "泛指账面库存与实物库存不一致的状态或其差额。不仅在盘点时，在出库时货架为空、拣货数量不符等日常业务中也会发现，需在发现时记录以便追溯原因。" }, "related": [ "stocktaking-discrepancy", "book-inventory", "physical-stock", "variance-root-cause" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-discrepancy" }, { "id": "inventory-record-accuracy", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫精度", "abbr": "IRA", "en": "Inventory Record Accuracy", "zh": "库存记录准确率", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "在庫精度は、帳簿在庫が実在庫とどれだけ一致しているかを示す指標で、IRA＝許容誤差内に収まった品目（またはロケーション）数÷検査した品目数で求めます。MRPや自動補充は在庫データの正しさを前提に動くため、製造業では目標値を定め、循環棚卸の結果で継続的に測定します。", "en": "An indicator of how well book inventory matches physical stock: number of items or locations within tolerance divided by number checked. Because MRP and auto-replenishment rely on it, targets are set and tracked through cycle counts.", "zh": "表示账面库存与实物库存一致程度的指标，计算公式为误差在允许范围内的品目（或库位）数÷检查品目数。MRP和自动补货以库存数据准确为前提，因此需设定目标并通过循环盘点持续测量。" }, "related": [ "counting-tolerance", "cycle-counting", "location-accuracy" ], "references": [ "APICS Dictionary" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-record-accuracy" }, { "id": "counting-tolerance", "type": "entry", "ja": "許容誤差", "abbr": null, "en": "Counting Tolerance", "zh": "允许误差", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "許容誤差は、棚卸で帳簿数と実数が完全に一致しなくても「合っている」とみなす差の範囲で、数量または金額の割合で品目ごとに設定します。高額品や重要部品はゼロに近く、ねじなど計量で数える安価な部品は広めにとるのが一般的で、在庫精度（IRA）の計算の基準になります。", "en": "The range of difference within which a count is deemed correct, set per item as a quantity or value percentage. High-value or critical parts have near-zero tolerance while cheap weighed parts have wider ones; it is the basis for IRA.", "zh": "盘点时即使账面数与实数不完全一致也视为正确的差异范围，按品目以数量或金额比例设定。高价或关键部件接近零，按重量计数的廉价零件可放宽，是计算库存准确率的基准。" }, "related": [ "inventory-record-accuracy", "abc-cycle-counting", "weight-based-counting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/counting-tolerance" }, { "id": "count-sheet", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸表", "abbr": null, "en": "Count Sheet", "zh": "盘点表", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸表は、棚卸の対象となる品目・ロケーション・単位を一覧にし、数えた数量を記入するための帳票です。紙の場合は通し番号で配布・回収を管理して記入漏れや重複を防ぎ、ハンディ端末を使う場合も同じ考え方で対象範囲と記入済みの状況をシステムで管理します。", "en": "A form listing items, locations and units to be counted, on which counted quantities are recorded. Paper sheets are serial-numbered to control issue and return; handheld terminals apply the same control in the system.", "zh": "列出盘点对象品目、库位和单位并记录清点数量的表单。纸质时用流水号管理发放与回收以防漏填和重复，使用手持终端时也以同样思路在系统中管理范围和填写状态。" }, "related": [ "inventory-tag", "blind-count", "stocktaking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/count-sheet" }, { "id": "inventory-tag", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚札", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Tag", "zh": "盘点标签", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚札は、棚卸の際に在庫一つひとつの置き場所に貼り付け、品目・数量・カウント担当者などを記入する札のことです。数えた場所と数えていない場所を一目で区別でき、札を回収して集計することで漏れや二重カウントを防ぐため、一斉棚卸で広く使われる方法です。", "en": "A tag attached to each stock location during a count, recording item, quantity and counter. It distinguishes counted from uncounted locations at a glance and, when collected and tallied, prevents omissions and double counts.", "zh": "盘点时贴在每个库存存放处、记录品目、数量和清点人员等的标签。可一眼区分已清点与未清点的位置，回收汇总后能防止遗漏和重复清点，广泛用于全面盘点。" }, "related": [ "count-sheet", "wall-to-wall-count", "double-posting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-tag" }, { "id": "blind-count", "type": "entry", "ja": "盲検棚卸／ブラインドカウント", "abbr": null, "en": "Blind Count", "zh": "盲盘", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "ブラインドカウントは、数える担当者に帳簿上の在庫数を見せずに実数を数えさせる棚卸方法です。帳簿数を知っていると数字に合わせて記入してしまう心理を防げるため、差異を正しく見つけたい循環棚卸で推奨され、ハンディ端末でも帳簿数を表示しない設定で運用します。", "en": "A counting method in which counters are not shown the book quantity. It prevents the tendency to record the expected number and is recommended for cycle counting; handheld terminals are configured to hide book quantities.", "zh": "不向清点人员显示账面库存数而让其清点实数的盘点方法。可防止知道账面数后迎合记录的心理，推荐用于循环盘点，手持终端也设置为不显示账面数。" }, "related": [ "recount", "cycle-counting", "count-sheet" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/blind-count" }, { "id": "recount", "type": "entry", "ja": "再カウント", "abbr": null, "en": "Recount", "zh": "复盘", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "再カウントは、棚卸で許容誤差を超える差異が出たときに、在庫調整の前にもう一度数え直して数え間違いかどうかを確かめる手順です。最初とは別の担当者が数えるのが原則で、再カウントでも差異が残った場合に初めて原因調査と帳簿の調整に進みます。", "en": "Counting again when a variance exceeds tolerance, before adjusting records, to rule out counting mistakes. A different person usually recounts, and only persistent differences proceed to root-cause investigation and adjustment.", "zh": "盘点差异超出允许误差时，在库存调整前重新清点以确认是否为清点错误的步骤。原则上由不同人员清点，复盘后差异仍存在才进入原因调查和账面调整。" }, "related": [ "blind-count", "counting-tolerance", "variance-analysis" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/recount" }, { "id": "variance-analysis", "type": "entry", "ja": "差異分析", "abbr": null, "en": "Variance Analysis", "zh": "差异分析", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "差異分析は、棚卸差異を品目・ロケーション・担当工程・取引種別などで分類し、どこで、なぜずれが生じたかを調べる作業です。差異を調整するだけでは同じずれが繰り返されるため、製造業では取引履歴の確認や現場観察を通じて原因を特定し、業務手順やシステム設定の修正につなげます。", "en": "Classifying count variances by item, location, process and transaction type to find where and why they occur. Since adjusting alone lets errors recur, transaction histories and floor observation are used to fix procedures and settings.", "zh": "按品目、库位、工序、交易类型等对盘点差异分类，调查在何处、为何产生偏差的工作。仅调整差异会使同样偏差重复出现，因此需通过查看交易记录和现场观察找出原因，改进流程和系统设置。" }, "related": [ "variance-root-cause", "stocktaking-discrepancy", "theoretical-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/variance-analysis" }, { "id": "variance-root-cause", "type": "entry", "ja": "差異原因", "abbr": null, "en": "Root Cause of Variance", "zh": "差异原因", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "差異原因は、帳簿在庫と実在庫がずれた根本的な理由のことで、記帳漏れ、二重計上、単位換算の誤り、置き場所の間違い、未報告の不良や廃棄、部品表の誤りによる払出しのずれなどがあります。原因ごとに件数や金額を集計すると、手順・教育・システムのどこを直すべきかが明確になります。", "en": "The underlying reason book and physical stock diverge, such as unrecorded transactions, double posting, unit conversion errors, misplacement, unreported scrap or BOM errors. Tallying by cause shows what to fix.", "zh": "账面库存与实物库存产生偏差的根本原因，如漏记、重复记账、单位换算错误、存放位置错误、未报告的不良或报废、物料清单错误导致的发料偏差等。按原因汇总可明确应改进之处。" }, "related": [ "variance-analysis", "unrecorded-transaction", "double-posting", "missing-stock" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/variance-root-cause" }, { "id": "unrecorded-transaction", "type": "entry", "ja": "記帳漏れ", "abbr": null, "en": "Unrecorded Transaction", "zh": "漏记", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "記帳漏れは、実際には入庫・出庫・移動・廃棄が行われたのに、その取引がシステムや台帳に登録されていない状態です。急ぎの出庫や夜間の作業、工程間の小口移動で起きやすく、帳簿在庫が実在庫より多い・少ない差異の代表的な原因となるため、現物の動きと記録を同時に行う仕組みで防ぎます。", "en": "A receipt, issue, transfer or scrap that physically happened but was not entered in the system or ledger. Common with urgent issues, night shifts and small transfers between processes, it is prevented by recording at the moment of movement.", "zh": "实际已进行入库、出库、移库或报废，但该交易未登记到系统或台账的状态。常见于紧急出库、夜间作业和工序间小批量移动，是账实差异的典型原因，需通过实物移动与记录同步的机制防止。" }, "related": [ "double-posting", "variance-root-cause", "inventory-discrepancy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/unrecorded-transaction" }, { "id": "double-posting", "type": "entry", "ja": "二重計上", "abbr": null, "en": "Double Posting", "zh": "重复记账", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "二重計上は、同じ入庫や出庫などの取引を誤って2回以上記録してしまうことで、棚卸では同じ在庫を2回数えてしまうことも指します。システムの再送信や手入力との併用、棚札管理の不備などが原因になり、伝票番号の重複チェックや数えた場所の明示で防止します。", "en": "Recording the same transaction more than once by mistake, or counting the same stock twice during a count. Causes include system resends, parallel manual entry and weak tag control; duplicate document checks and marking counted locations prevent it.", "zh": "错误地将同一入库或出库等交易记录两次以上，在盘点中也指重复清点同一库存。原因包括系统重发、与手工录入并用、标签管理不善等，可通过单据号重复检查和标明已清点位置防止。" }, "related": [ "unrecorded-transaction", "inventory-tag", "variance-root-cause" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/double-posting" }, { "id": "missing-stock", "type": "entry", "ja": "所在不明", "abbr": null, "en": "Missing Stock", "zh": "去向不明", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "所在不明は、帳簿上は存在するのに、登録されたロケーションで実物が見つからない在庫のことです。別の棚への誤格納や記録なしの移動が多く、すぐに減耗として処理せず、周辺のロケーションや仮置き場所を探索してから判断するのが一般的で、ロケーション精度の低さを示すサインになります。", "en": "Stock that exists in the books but cannot be found at its registered location. Often caused by misplacement or unrecorded moves, it is searched for nearby before being written off, and signals poor location accuracy.", "zh": "账面上存在但在登记库位找不到实物的库存。多由错放或未记录的移动引起，一般不立即作为损耗处理，而是先搜索周边库位和临时存放处再判断，是库位准确率低的信号。" }, "related": [ "location-accuracy", "inventory-shrinkage", "variance-root-cause" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/missing-stock" }, { "id": "location-accuracy", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロケーション精度", "abbr": null, "en": "Location Accuracy", "zh": "库位准确率", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "ロケーション精度は、システムに登録された保管場所に、登録どおりの品目と数量が実際に置かれている割合を示す指標で、「品目・数量が一致したロケーション数÷検査したロケーション数」で求めます。品目全体の数量が合っていても場所がずれていればピッキングや供給が止まるため、倉庫管理では品目単位の在庫精度と分けて測ります。", "en": "The share of storage locations where the item and quantity match the system: matching locations divided by locations checked. Even if total quantities agree, misplaced stock stops picking, so it is measured separately from item-level accuracy.", "zh": "表示系统登记的库位上实际存放的品目和数量与登记一致的比例，公式为品目和数量一致的库位数÷检查库位数。即使品目总量一致，位置错误也会使拣货和供料停滞，因此与品目级准确率分开衡量。" }, "related": [ "inventory-record-accuracy", "missing-stock", "cycle-counting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/location-accuracy" }, { "id": "count-freeze", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸凍結", "abbr": null, "en": "Count Freeze", "zh": "盘点冻结", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸凍結は、棚卸の対象となる品目やロケーションの入出庫を一時的に止め、帳簿在庫をその時点の値で固定する処理です。数えている最中に在庫が動くと差異の判定ができなくなるため、一斉棚卸では全体を、循環棚卸では対象ロケーションだけを短時間凍結し、締め時刻後の取引の扱いを決めておきます。", "en": "Temporarily stopping movements for the items or locations being counted and fixing the book quantity at that moment. Movement during counting makes variance judgment impossible, so the whole site or just target locations are frozen briefly.", "zh": "暂时停止盘点对象品目或库位的出入库，并将账面库存固定为该时点数值的处理。清点过程中库存变动会导致无法判定差异，因此全面盘点冻结全部，循环盘点只短时冻结对象库位。" }, "related": [ "wall-to-wall-count", "cycle-counting", "stocktaking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/count-freeze" }, { "id": "interim-stocktaking", "type": "entry", "ja": "期中棚卸", "abbr": null, "en": "Interim Stocktaking", "zh": "期中盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "期中棚卸は、決算期末以外の時期、たとえば四半期末や半期末に行う棚卸のことです。期末に差異がまとめて発覚するのを避け、月次決算の在庫金額の精度を上げる目的で行われ、製造業では循環棚卸と組み合わせて期末の一斉棚卸の負担を軽くする運用もあります。", "en": "A stocktake performed at times other than fiscal year-end, such as quarter or half-year end. It avoids discovering all variances at year-end, improves monthly inventory values and, with cycle counting, eases the year-end count.", "zh": "在决算期末以外的时间（如季末、半年末）进行的盘点。目的是避免期末集中发现差异并提高月度决算库存金额的准确性，制造业中常与循环盘点结合以减轻期末全面盘点负担。" }, "related": [ "stocktaking", "count-frequency", "wall-to-wall-count" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/interim-stocktaking" }, { "id": "count-frequency", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸頻度", "abbr": null, "en": "Count Frequency", "zh": "盘点频率", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸頻度は、ある品目やロケーションを一定期間に何回数えるかを表す値です。循環棚卸では「年間の必要カウント数÷稼働日数」で1日あたりの件数を決め、金額の大きい品目、動きの多い品目、過去に差異の多かった品目ほど頻度を高くするのが一般的です。", "en": "How many times an item or location is counted in a given period. In cycle counting, daily volume equals required annual counts divided by working days, with higher frequency for high-value, fast-moving or error-prone items.", "zh": "表示某品目或库位在一定期间内被清点几次的数值。循环盘点中以年度所需清点次数÷工作日数确定每日件数，金额大、流动多、过去差异多的品目频率更高。" }, "related": [ "abc-cycle-counting", "cycle-counting", "interim-stocktaking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/count-frequency" }, { "id": "abc-cycle-counting", "type": "entry", "ja": "ABCサイクルカウント", "abbr": null, "en": "ABC Cycle Counting", "zh": "ABC循环盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "ABCサイクルカウントは、品目を金額や使用量の大きさでA・B・Cに分け、重要度に応じて棚卸頻度と許容誤差を変える循環棚卸の方式です。たとえばA品は毎月、B品は四半期、C品は年1回といった頻度を設定し、限られた人員で在庫金額の大部分を高い精度で管理できるようにします。", "en": "A cycle counting scheme that classifies items into A, B and C by value or usage and varies count frequency and tolerance by class, for example A monthly, B quarterly, C yearly. It keeps most inventory value accurate with limited staff.", "zh": "按金额或使用量将品目分为A、B、C类，并依重要性改变盘点频率和允许误差的循环盘点方式。例如A类每月、B类每季、C类每年一次，以有限人员高精度管理大部分库存金额。" }, "related": [ "cycle-counting", "count-frequency", "counting-tolerance" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/abc-cycle-counting" }, { "id": "inventory-shrinkage", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚卸減耗", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Shrinkage", "zh": "盘点损耗", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "棚卸減耗は、棚卸で実在庫が帳簿在庫より少ないことが判明した分の在庫の減少で、紛失・盗難・破損・蒸発などの理由で生じます。会計上は「（帳簿数量−実地数量）×単価」で棚卸減耗損として計上し、製造業では通常発生する範囲かどうかで原価に含めるか特別な損失とするかを区別します。", "en": "The reduction found when physical stock is lower than book stock, due to loss, theft, damage or evaporation. It is booked as (book quantity minus counted quantity) times unit cost, and treated as cost of goods or special loss depending on whether it is normal.", "zh": "盘点时发现实物库存少于账面库存的减少部分，因丢失、被盗、破损、挥发等产生。会计上按（账面数量－实盘数量）×单价计为盘点损耗，制造业中按是否属正常范围区分计入成本或特别损失。" }, "related": [ "inventory-adjustment", "missing-stock", "stocktaking-discrepancy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-shrinkage" }, { "id": "adjustment-slip", "type": "entry", "ja": "調整伝票", "abbr": null, "en": "Adjustment Voucher", "zh": "调整单", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "調整伝票は、棚卸差異などを帳簿に反映するために起票する、在庫数量や金額を増減させるための伝票です。誰が・いつ・どの理由で調整したかの記録となるため、承認手続きと理由コードの入力を必須とし、通常の入出庫とは区別して監査や差異分析で追跡できるようにします。", "en": "A document raised to increase or decrease inventory quantity or value in the books, for example to reflect count variances. It records who adjusted what, when and why, so approval and reason codes are mandatory for audit and analysis.", "zh": "为将盘点差异等反映到账面而开具的、增减库存数量或金额的单据。它记录了由谁、何时、因何原因调整，因此需强制审批和输入原因代码，以便与普通出入库区分并在审计和差异分析中追踪。" }, "related": [ "inventory-adjustment", "variance-root-cause" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/adjustment-slip" }, { "id": "inventory-adjustment", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫調整", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Adjustment", "zh": "库存调整", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "在庫調整は、棚卸差異や品質判定、廃棄などの理由で、帳簿上の在庫数量や状態を実態に合わせて修正する処理です。安易な調整が続くと差異の原因が埋もれてしまうため、製造業では金額に応じた承認権限と理由区分を定め、調整件数や金額そのものを在庫精度の管理指標として監視します。", "en": "Correcting book inventory quantity or status to match reality, due to count variances, quality decisions or scrap. Because casual adjustments hide root causes, approval limits and reason codes are defined and adjustment volume is monitored.", "zh": "因盘点差异、质量判定、报废等原因，将账面库存数量或状态修正为与实际一致的处理。随意调整会掩盖差异原因，因此需按金额设定审批权限和原因分类，并将调整件数和金额作为管理指标监控。" }, "related": [ "adjustment-slip", "stocktaking-discrepancy", "inventory-shrinkage" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-adjustment" }, { "id": "rfid-stocktaking", "type": "entry", "ja": "RFID棚卸", "abbr": null, "en": "RFID-Based Stocktaking", "zh": "RFID盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "RFID棚卸は、在庫や容器に取り付けた無線タグをリーダーで一括して読み取り、目視で数えずに在庫数と所在を確認する方法です。箱を開けずに多数の品目を短時間で確認できる一方、金属や液体の近くでは読み取り漏れが出やすいため、読み取り率の検証と読めなかったタグの扱いの取り決めが必要です。", "en": "Reading radio tags attached to items or containers in bulk to confirm quantity and location without manual counting. It checks many items quickly without opening boxes, but metal and liquids cause missed reads, so read rates must be validated.", "zh": "用读写器批量读取贴附在库存或容器上的无线标签，无需目视清点即可确认库存数量和位置的方法。无需开箱即可快速确认大量品目，但靠近金属或液体时易漏读，需验证读取率并规定未读取标签的处理。" }, "related": [ "cycle-counting", "weight-based-counting", "location-accuracy" ], "references": [ "ISO/IEC 18000-63" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/rfid-stocktaking" }, { "id": "weight-based-counting", "type": "entry", "ja": "重量棚卸／重量計数", "abbr": null, "en": "Weight-Based Counting", "zh": "称重盘点", "category": "棚卸・在庫精度", "definition": { "ja": "重量棚卸は、ねじやワッシャーなど一つずつ数えるのが非現実的な小物部品について、総重量を単重で割って個数を求める方法で、「（総重量−容器重量）÷1個あたり重量」で計算します。単重のばらつきや容器重量の誤りが誤差になるため、単重の定期的な再測定と品目ごとの許容誤差設定が重要です。", "en": "Counting small parts such as screws by weight: (gross weight minus container weight) divided by unit weight. Variation in unit weight and container errors cause inaccuracy, so unit weights are re-measured and tolerances set per item.", "zh": "对螺丝、垫圈等难以逐个清点的小零件，以（总重量－容器重量）÷单件重量求得个数的方法。单重波动和容器重量错误会造成误差，需定期重新测量单重并按品目设定允许误差。" }, "related": [ "counting-tolerance", "rfid-stocktaking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/weight-based-counting" }, { "id": "lot", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot", "zh": "批次", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロットは、同じ条件（同じ原材料・設備・日時など）で製造または購入され、品質上ひとまとまりとして扱える品目の集まりです。製造業では入荷・製造・出荷の単位をロットで区切り、品質問題が起きたときに影響範囲をロット単位で特定できるようにします。", "en": "A group of items produced or purchased under the same conditions and treated as one unit for quality purposes, used to bound the scope of any quality issue.", "zh": "在相同条件（同一原材料、设备、时间等）下生产或采购、在质量上可作为一个整体处理的物品集合，用于在出现质量问题时按批次确定影响范围。" }, "related": [ "lot-number", "lot-control", "batch", "inventory-by-lot" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot" }, { "id": "lot-number", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット番号", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Number", "zh": "批号", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロット番号は、個々のロットを一意に識別するために付ける番号です。製造日・ライン・連番などを組み合わせて採番することが多く、ラベルや帳票、システム上の在庫レコードに記録して、入出庫や検査結果をロット単位でたどれるようにします。", "en": "A number assigned to uniquely identify each lot, often combining production date, line and sequence, and recorded on labels and inventory records for lot-level tracking.", "zh": "为唯一识别每个批次而赋予的编号，通常由生产日期、产线和流水号组合而成，记录在标签和库存记录中，用于按批次追溯出入库和检验结果。" }, "related": [ "lot", "identification-label", "lot-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-number" }, { "id": "lot-control", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Control", "zh": "批次管理", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロット管理は、在庫や製品をロット番号ごとに区別して受入・保管・払出し・出荷までを記録する管理方式です。品質不良や期限切れの影響範囲を絞り込めるため、医薬品・食品・電子部品などでは必須とされ、システムでは在庫キーに品目とロット番号を併せて持たせます。", "en": "A control method that distinguishes stock by lot number and records receipt, storage, issue and shipment per lot, narrowing the impact of defects or expiry.", "zh": "按批号区分库存和产品，并按批次记录收货、保管、发料到出货全过程的管理方式，可缩小质量缺陷或过期的影响范围。" }, "related": [ "lot", "lot-number", "traceability", "inventory-by-lot", "serial-number-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-control" }, { "id": "serial-number", "type": "entry", "ja": "シリアル番号", "abbr": null, "en": "Serial Number", "zh": "序列号", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "シリアル番号は、製品や部品の1個ごとに付ける固有の番号です。ロット番号が複数個のまとまりを識別するのに対し、シリアル番号は個体を識別するため、保証・修理履歴・設置先の管理など、1台単位で追跡が必要な機器や高額部品で使われます。", "en": "A unique number assigned to each individual product or part; unlike a lot number it identifies a single unit, used for warranty, repair history and installed-base tracking.", "zh": "为每一件产品或零件赋予的唯一编号。与识别一组物品的批号不同，序列号识别单个个体，用于保修、维修履历和安装位置管理。" }, "related": [ "serial-number-control", "lot-number", "manufacturing-serial-number" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/serial-number" }, { "id": "serial-number-control", "type": "entry", "ja": "シリアル管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Serial Number Control", "zh": "序列号管理", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "シリアル管理は、在庫を1個単位のシリアル番号で区別し、入庫・組付け・出荷・返品などの履歴を個体ごとに記録する管理方式です。在庫数量は同じ品目でも個体ごとのレコードになるため、記録件数は増えますが、組み込まれた部品の特定や修理対応が正確になります。", "en": "A method that tracks stock unit by unit using serial numbers, recording receipt, assembly, shipment and return history per individual item.", "zh": "以序列号按单件区分库存，并逐个记录入库、装配、出货、退货等履历的管理方式，记录量增加，但可准确定位所装零件和支持维修。" }, "related": [ "serial-number", "lot-control", "genealogy", "traceability" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/serial-number-control" }, { "id": "traceability", "type": "entry", "ja": "トレーサビリティ", "abbr": null, "en": "Traceability", "zh": "可追溯性", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "トレーサビリティは、製品や部品がどの原材料から、いつ、どの工程・設備で作られ、どこへ出荷されたかを記録からたどれる性質です。上流へさかのぼるトレースバックと下流へ追うトレースフォワードの両方向があり、ロット番号やシリアル番号の記録がその土台になります。", "en": "The ability to follow, through records, which materials, processes and equipment a product came from and where it was shipped, in both backward and forward directions.", "zh": "能够通过记录追溯产品或零件由哪些原材料、在何时经过哪些工序和设备制造、发往何处的特性，包括向上游追溯和向下游追踪两个方向。" }, "related": [ "backward-traceability", "forward-traceability", "genealogy", "lot-control", "product-recall" ], "references": [ "ISO 9001" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/traceability" }, { "id": "forward-traceability", "type": "entry", "ja": "トレースフォワード", "abbr": null, "en": "Forward Traceability (Trace Forward)", "zh": "正向追踪", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "トレースフォワードは、ある原材料ロットや部品ロットから出発して、それが使われた中間品・製品・出荷先を下流方向に追跡することです。仕入先から不良連絡を受けたときに、影響する製品と顧客を特定し、出荷停止やリコールの範囲を決めるために使います。", "en": "Tracing downstream from a material or component lot to the intermediates, finished products and customers that used it, to determine shipment holds or recall scope.", "zh": "从某个原材料或零件批次出发，向下游追踪使用了它的中间品、成品和出货对象，用于确定停止出货或召回的范围。" }, "related": [ "traceability", "backward-traceability", "product-recall", "genealogy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/forward-traceability" }, { "id": "backward-traceability", "type": "entry", "ja": "トレースバック", "abbr": null, "en": "Backward Traceability (Trace Back)", "zh": "反向追溯", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "トレースバックは、製品ロットやシリアル番号から出発して、使われた原材料ロット・工程・設備・作業者を上流方向にさかのぼることです。顧客クレームが発生した製品について原因を絞り込むときに用い、同じ原因を持つ他の製品の洗い出しにはトレースフォワードと組み合わせます。", "en": "Tracing upstream from a finished lot or serial number to the material lots, processes, equipment and operators involved, typically to investigate the cause of a complaint.", "zh": "从成品批次或序列号出发，向上游追溯所用的原材料批次、工序、设备和作业人员，通常用于调查客户投诉的原因。" }, "related": [ "traceability", "forward-traceability", "raw-material-lot-linkage", "genealogy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/backward-traceability" }, { "id": "lot-split", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット分割", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Split", "zh": "批次拆分", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロット分割は、1つのロットを複数の小さなロットに分けることです。一部だけを先行して次工程へ流す場合や、検査で一部が保留になった場合に行い、分割後のロットには元ロットとの親子関係を記録して、トレーサビリティが途切れないようにします。", "en": "Dividing one lot into several smaller lots, e.g. to move part ahead or hold part after inspection, while recording the parent-child link to the original lot.", "zh": "将一个批次分成多个较小批次，例如部分先行流转或检验后部分保留时进行，并记录与原批次的父子关系以保持可追溯性。" }, "related": [ "lot-merge", "genealogy", "lot", "quality-hold" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-split" }, { "id": "lot-merge", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット統合", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Merge", "zh": "批次合并", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロット統合は、複数のロットを1つのロットにまとめることです。端数在庫の整理や、混合・ブレンド工程で行われますが、統合後のロットは元の全ロットの影響を受けるため、どのロットをどれだけ投入したかを記録しておかないと追跡範囲が広がりすぎます。", "en": "Combining several lots into one, as in consolidating remnants or blending; the source lots and quantities must be recorded to keep trace scope manageable.", "zh": "将多个批次合为一个批次，常见于零头库存整理或混合工序；须记录投入了哪些批次及其数量，否则追溯范围会过度扩大。" }, "related": [ "lot-split", "lot-commingling", "genealogy" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-merge" }, { "id": "fifo", "type": "entry", "ja": "先入先出", "abbr": "FIFO", "en": "First In, First Out (Issue Rule)", "zh": "先进先出", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "先入先出は、入庫日の古いロットから順に出庫・払出しを行うルールです。保管中の劣化や陳腐化を防ぐ目的で使われ、システムでは引当時に入庫日の昇順でロットを選ぶ形で実装します。会計上の払出単価計算の先入先出法とは別の概念で、ここでは現物の出庫順を指します。", "en": "An issue rule that ships or issues the oldest-received lots first to prevent deterioration; distinct from the FIFO cost-flow method in accounting.", "zh": "按入库日期由早到晚依次出库或发料的规则，用于防止保管期间的劣化；此处指实物出库顺序，与会计上的先进先出计价法不同。" }, "related": [ "fefo", "inventory-by-lot", "stock-issue" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fifo" }, { "id": "fefo", "type": "entry", "ja": "先期限先出", "abbr": "FEFO", "en": "First Expired, First Out", "zh": "先到期先出", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "先期限先出は、使用期限や賞味期限が早く来るロットから順に出庫するルールです。入庫順と期限順が一致しない品目（仕入先ごとに残り期限が異なる原料など）で先入先出より廃棄を減らせるため、医薬品・食品・化学品の倉庫で標準的に使われます。", "en": "An issue rule that ships lots with the earliest expiry first, reducing write-offs where receipt order and expiry order differ, common for pharma, food and chemicals.", "zh": "按有效期或保质期先到者先出库的规则，在入库顺序与到期顺序不一致的物料上比先进先出更能减少报废，常用于医药、食品和化学品仓库。" }, "related": [ "fifo", "use-by-date", "expiry-date-management", "best-before-date" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fefo" }, { "id": "use-by-date", "type": "entry", "ja": "使用期限", "abbr": null, "en": "Use-by Date / Expiry Date", "zh": "使用期限", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "使用期限は、その品目を使用してよい最終日として定められた期限です。製造業では樹脂・接着剤・薬品・はんだなど、時間とともに性能が落ちる原材料に設定され、期限を過ぎたロットは品質判定なしに投入できないよう、払出し時にシステムで止める運用が一般的です。", "en": "The last date on which an item may be used; set for materials that degrade over time, with expired lots typically blocked from issue by the system.", "zh": "规定物料可使用的最后日期，常设于树脂、胶粘剂、药品、焊料等随时间性能下降的原材料，过期批次一般由系统在发料时拦截。" }, "related": [ "expiry-date-management", "fefo", "best-before-date" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/use-by-date" }, { "id": "expiry-date-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "有効期限管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Expiration Date Management", "zh": "有效期管理", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "有効期限管理は、ロットごとに製造日や有効期限を記録し、期限の近い在庫の警告、期限切れ在庫の出庫禁止、先期限先出による引当を行う管理です。期限は製造日＋保証期間で求めることが多く、残り期限が出荷先の受入条件を下回るロットを引当から除く設定も含みます。", "en": "Recording manufacture and expiry dates per lot, warning on near-expiry stock, blocking expired stock and allocating by FEFO; expiry is often manufacture date plus shelf life.", "zh": "按批次记录生产日期和有效期，对临期库存预警、禁止过期库存出库并按先到期先出进行分配的管理；有效期通常为生产日期加保质期限。" }, "related": [ "use-by-date", "fefo", "lot-control", "best-before-date" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/expiry-date-management" }, { "id": "best-before-date", "type": "entry", "ja": "賞味期限", "abbr": null, "en": "Best-before Date", "zh": "最佳食用期", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "賞味期限は、定められた保存方法で保管した場合に品質が保たれるとされる期限で、主に食品に表示されます。食品製造業では製品ロットごとに賞味期限を印字・記録し、小売の納品期限（いわゆる3分の1ルールなど）を満たさないロットが出荷できなくなる点が在庫管理上の課題になります。", "en": "The date until which a food product keeps its expected quality under stated storage; manufacturers record it per lot, and retailer delivery cut-offs can strand stock.", "zh": "在规定保存条件下可保持预期品质的期限，主要标示于食品。食品企业按批次记录该日期，不满足零售商交货期限要求的批次将无法出货。" }, "related": [ "use-by-date", "expiry-date-management", "fefo" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/best-before-date" }, { "id": "quality-hold", "type": "entry", "ja": "品質保留／ホールド", "abbr": null, "en": "Quality Hold", "zh": "质量冻结", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "品質保留は、品質上の疑いがあるロットや在庫を、判定が出るまで出庫・使用できない状態にすることです。在庫数量としては存在しても引当可能在庫には含めないのが原則で、システムでは在庫ステータスを保留に切り替え、判定結果に応じて解除・廃棄・選別へ振り分けます。", "en": "Placing a suspect lot or stock in a status where it cannot be issued or used until disposition; it remains on hand but is excluded from available stock.", "zh": "将存在质量疑问的批次或库存置于判定前不可出库或使用的状态；数量上仍存在，但原则上不计入可分配库存，判定后再解除、报废或挑选。" }, "related": [ "inspection-pending-inventory", "quarantine-inventory", "defective-inventory", "lot-split" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/quality-hold" }, { "id": "inspection-pending-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "検査待ち在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Awaiting Inspection", "zh": "待检库存", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "検査待ち在庫は、入荷や製造完了の後、受入検査や出荷検査の結果がまだ出ていない在庫です。物理的には倉庫にあっても使用・出荷はできないため、利用可能在庫＝手持在庫−検査待ち在庫−保留在庫のように区別して扱い、検査リードタイムが長いほどこの在庫が膨らみます。", "en": "Stock received or completed whose incoming or final inspection result is pending; it is on hand but excluded from available stock, growing with inspection lead time.", "zh": "到货或生产完成后、来料检验或出货检验结果尚未出来的库存。虽实物在库但不可使用或出货，可用库存=现有库存-待检库存-冻结库存。" }, "related": [ "receiving-inspection", "quality-hold", "quarantine-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inspection-pending-inventory" }, { "id": "quarantine-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "隔離在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Quarantined Inventory", "zh": "隔离库存", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "隔離在庫は、誤使用を防ぐために物理的に別の区画やロケーションへ移して保管している在庫です。品質保留がシステム上のステータスであるのに対し、隔離は現物を良品から引き離す措置で、医薬品のGMPなどでは保留ロットを隔離区域に置くことが求められます。", "en": "Stock physically moved to a separate area or location to prevent mistaken use; unlike a system hold status, quarantine separates the goods themselves.", "zh": "为防止误用而在实物上移至独立区域或库位保管的库存。质量冻结是系统状态，隔离则是将实物与良品分开的措施。" }, "related": [ "quality-hold", "inspection-pending-inventory", "defective-inventory" ], "references": [ "GMP" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/quarantine-inventory" }, { "id": "defective-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "不良在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Defective Inventory", "zh": "不良品库存", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "不良在庫は、品質判定で不合格となり、そのままでは使用・出荷できない在庫です。手直し・選別・返品・廃棄のいずれかの処置を待つ状態で、良品在庫と分けて計上します。売れ残りの滞留在庫を不良在庫と呼ぶ用法もありますが、ここでは品質不良品を指します。", "en": "Stock that failed quality judgment and cannot be used or shipped as is, awaiting rework, sorting, return or scrap, and counted separately from good stock.", "zh": "质量判定不合格、不能直接使用或出货的库存，等待返工、挑选、退货或报废处置，与良品库存分开计算。" }, "related": [ "quality-hold", "quarantine-inventory", "yield" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/defective-inventory" }, { "id": "product-recall", "type": "entry", "ja": "リコール", "abbr": null, "en": "Product Recall", "zh": "产品召回", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "リコールは、出荷後の製品に安全上や品質上の欠陥が見つかった場合に、製造者が市場から回収・修理・交換を行うことです。回収範囲を対象ロットやシリアル番号に限定できるかどうかはトレーサビリティの精度で決まり、記録が粗いほど回収対象と費用が大きくなります。", "en": "Retrieval, repair or replacement of shipped products found defective; how narrowly the scope can be limited to specific lots or serials depends on traceability precision.", "zh": "出货后的产品发现安全或质量缺陷时，制造商从市场回收、修理或更换。召回范围能否限定于特定批次或序列号取决于追溯精度。" }, "related": [ "traceability", "forward-traceability", "lot-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/product-recall" }, { "id": "manufacturing-serial-number", "type": "entry", "ja": "製造番号", "abbr": null, "en": "Manufacturing Serial Number", "zh": "制造编号", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "製造番号は、製造者が製品に付与して製造記録と結びつけるための番号です。1台ごとに付ける場合はシリアル番号と同義になり、製造ロットに付ける場合はロット番号と同様に使われます。銘板や刻印に表示され、出荷後の問い合わせや修理受付で製造履歴を呼び出す鍵になります。", "en": "A number the manufacturer assigns to a product to link it to production records; per unit it equals a serial number, per batch it works like a lot number.", "zh": "制造商赋予产品、用于关联生产记录的编号。按单台赋予时等同序列号，按生产批赋予时作用类似批号，是售后查询调用生产履历的关键。" }, "related": [ "serial-number", "lot-number", "seiban-number" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/manufacturing-serial-number" }, { "id": "raw-material-lot-linkage", "type": "entry", "ja": "原材料ロットの紐付け", "abbr": null, "en": "Raw Material Lot Linkage", "zh": "原材料批次关联", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "原材料ロットの紐付けは、製造時に投入した原材料や部品のロット番号を、生成された製品ロットと関連づけて記録することです。投入時のバーコード読み取りなどで実績を取り、標準BOMからの推定ではなく実際の投入ロットを記録することで、トレースバックの精度が担保されます。", "en": "Recording which material and component lots were consumed into each produced lot, ideally by scanning at the point of use rather than inferring from the standard BOM.", "zh": "将生产中投入的原材料和零件批号与产出的成品批次关联记录，最好在投料时扫码采集实际批次，而非根据标准物料清单推算。" }, "related": [ "genealogy", "backward-traceability", "batch-record", "backflush" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/raw-material-lot-linkage" }, { "id": "genealogy", "type": "entry", "ja": "系譜／ジェネアロジー", "abbr": null, "en": "Genealogy", "zh": "谱系", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "系譜は、ロットやシリアルの親子関係（どの部品・原料ロットから、どの中間品・製品ロットができたか）を多段階につないだ記録の構造です。分割・統合・組付けを経ても関係を保持することで、任意の地点から上流・下流の両方向に影響範囲を展開できるようになります。", "en": "The multi-level record of parent-child relationships among lots and serials, preserved through splits, merges and assembly so impact can be traced in either direction.", "zh": "将批次和序列号之间的父子关系（由哪些零件或原料批次生成哪些中间品或成品批次）多层连接起来的记录结构，可从任一点向上下游展开影响范围。" }, "related": [ "traceability", "raw-material-lot-linkage", "lot-split", "lot-merge" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/genealogy" }, { "id": "batch", "type": "entry", "ja": "バッチ", "abbr": null, "en": "Batch", "zh": "批（批次生产）", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "バッチは、プロセス系の製造で1回の仕込みや反応・混合によって作られる一定量の製品のまとまりです。化学・医薬・食品などで使われ、1バッチがそのまま1ロットになることが多く、配合量・温度・時間などの条件がバッチ単位で記録されます。", "en": "A quantity of product made in one charge, reaction or mix in process manufacturing; in chemicals, pharma and food one batch often equals one lot.", "zh": "流程型制造中一次投料、反应或混合所生产的一定量产品，常见于化工、医药、食品，一个批通常即为一个批次，配方与工艺条件按批记录。" }, "related": [ "batch-record", "lot", "genealogy" ], "references": [ "ISA-88" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/batch" }, { "id": "batch-record", "type": "entry", "ja": "バッチ記録", "abbr": null, "en": "Batch Record", "zh": "批记录", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "バッチ記録は、1バッチの製造について、使用した原料ロット・投入量・工程条件・作業者・検査結果・逸脱などをまとめた記録です。医薬品では製造指図記録として出荷判定の根拠となり、紙から電子化したものは電子バッチ記録と呼ばれます。", "en": "A record compiling materials, quantities, process conditions, operators, test results and deviations for one batch; in pharma it underpins release decisions.", "zh": "汇总单批生产所用原料批次、投入量、工艺条件、作业人员、检验结果及偏差等的记录，在医药行业是放行判定的依据。" }, "related": [ "batch", "raw-material-lot-linkage", "history-management" ], "references": [ "GMP", "ISA-88" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/batch-record" }, { "id": "history-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "履歴管理", "abbr": null, "en": "History Management", "zh": "履历管理", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "履歴管理は、在庫や製品に対して行われた入出庫・移動・加工・検査・ステータス変更などの出来事を、日時と実施者とともに時系列で残すことです。現在の在庫数だけでなく、なぜその数になったかを説明できることが、棚差異の調査やトレーサビリティの前提になります。", "en": "Keeping a time-ordered log of receipts, moves, processing, inspections and status changes with timestamps and actors, so current stock can be explained.", "zh": "将对库存和产品进行的出入库、移动、加工、检验、状态变更等事件连同时间和执行人按时间顺序保存，使当前库存数量可被解释。" }, "related": [ "traceability", "batch-record", "lot-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/history-management" }, { "id": "identification-label", "type": "entry", "ja": "識別ラベル", "abbr": null, "en": "Identification Label", "zh": "标识标签", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "識別ラベルは、品目コード・ロット番号・数量・期限・状態などを表示して現品に貼付するラベルです。バーコードや二次元コードを併記することで、入出庫や投入時の読み取りによって記録とモノを一致させ、手入力による取り違えを防ぎます。", "en": "A label attached to goods showing item code, lot number, quantity, expiry and status, often with a barcode so scans keep records and physical goods in sync.", "zh": "贴于实物上、标示物料编码、批号、数量、有效期和状态等的标签，通常附带条码，通过扫描使记录与实物一致，防止手工录入错误。" }, "related": [ "lot-number", "serial-number", "lot-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/identification-label" }, { "id": "inventory-by-lot", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット別在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory by Lot", "zh": "分批次库存", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロット別在庫は、同じ品目の在庫数量をロット番号ごとに分けて保持・表示したものです。品目合計では足りていても、期限や品質ステータスの異なるロットが混ざっているため、引当や先期限先出の判断にはロット別の内訳が必要になります。", "en": "Stock quantities of an item held and shown per lot number; item totals can hide lots with different expiry or status, so allocation needs the lot breakdown.", "zh": "将同一物料的库存数量按批号分别保存和显示。物料合计看似充足，但其中混有有效期或质量状态不同的批次，分配和先到期先出判断需要批次明细。" }, "related": [ "lot-control", "fefo", "fifo", "component-allocation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-by-lot" }, { "id": "seiban-number", "type": "entry", "ja": "製番", "abbr": null, "en": "Seiban (Job Number)", "zh": "制番（订单号）", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "製番は、受注や製造指示ごとに付ける番号で、その番号に必要な部品・材料・作業・費用をすべて紐づけて管理するための鍵です。個別受注生産で多く使われ、在庫も製番ごとに引き当てられるため、どの客先向けの部品かが明確になる一方、製番間の在庫融通が難しくなります。", "en": "A number assigned per customer order or work order to which all parts, materials, labor and costs are tied; common in make-to-order, it makes inter-order stock sharing harder.", "zh": "按订单或生产指令赋予的编号，所需零件、材料、作业和费用全部与之关联。常用于按单生产，库存按制番分配，但制番之间的库存调剂较难。" }, "related": [ "seiban-control", "manufacturing-serial-number", "production-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/seiban-number" }, { "id": "lot-commingling", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット混在", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Commingling", "zh": "批次混放", "category": "ロット・トレーサビリティ", "definition": { "ja": "ロット混在は、異なるロットの品物が同じ容器・ロケーション・ライン上で区別されずに混ざってしまう状態です。混在するとどのロットを使ったか特定できず、トレース範囲が混ざった全ロットに広がるため、ロケーションごとの単一ロット運用や投入時の読み取りで防ぎます。", "en": "Goods from different lots mixed without distinction in a container, location or line; trace scope then widens to all mixed lots, so single-lot locations and scanning are used.", "zh": "不同批次的物品在同一容器、库位或产线上未加区分地混在一起的状态，会使追溯范围扩大到所有混入批次，需通过单批次库位和投料扫码防止。" }, "related": [ "lot-merge", "lot-control", "traceability" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-commingling" }, { "id": "production-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "生産管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Production Management", "zh": "生产管理", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "生産管理は、需要に対して必要な品物を、必要な量だけ、必要な時期に、所定の品質とコストで生産するために、計画・手配・進捗・在庫を統制する活動の総称です。生産計画、資材所要量計画、工程管理、購買・外注管理、在庫管理などを含みます。", "en": "The overall activity of planning and controlling production, procurement, progress and inventory so the right items are made in the right quantity, time, quality and cost.", "zh": "为在规定质量和成本下按需求生产所需品种、数量和时间的产品，而对计划、采购安排、进度和库存进行控制的活动总称。" }, "related": [ "mrp", "master-production-schedule", "process-control", "production-scheduling" ], "references": [ "JIS Z 8141" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/production-management" }, { "id": "mrp", "type": "entry", "ja": "資材所要量計画", "abbr": "MRP", "en": "Material Requirements Planning", "zh": "物料需求计划", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "資材所要量計画は、基準生産計画と部品表、在庫・発注残の情報から、部品や材料が、いつ、いくつ必要かを計算して計画オーダーを作る手法です。各階層で正味所要量＝総所要量−手持在庫−発注残＋安全在庫を求め、リードタイム分だけ前倒しして手配時期を決めます。", "en": "A method that calculates when and how many components are needed from the MPS, BOM and stock data; net requirements are offset by lead time to create planned orders.", "zh": "根据主生产计划、物料清单以及库存和在途订单信息，计算零件和材料何时需要多少并生成计划订单的方法；各层净需求按提前期前推确定下单时间。" }, "related": [ "master-production-schedule", "bill-of-materials", "net-requirements", "requirements-explosion", "mrp-ii" ], "references": [ "APICS Dictionary" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mrp" }, { "id": "mrp-ii", "type": "entry", "ja": "MRPⅡ／製造資源計画", "abbr": "MRPⅡ", "en": "Manufacturing Resource Planning", "zh": "制造资源计划", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "MRPⅡは、資材所要量計画を拡張し、設備・人員などの能力計画、購買、原価・財務までを一貫した計画体系として扱う考え方です。資材だけでなく生産に使う資源全体を計画対象とし、能力所要量計画による負荷確認を組み込む点が特徴で、ERPの源流となりました。", "en": "An extension of MRP that integrates capacity planning, purchasing, costing and finance into one planning framework; a precursor of ERP.", "zh": "在物料需求计划基础上扩展，将设备和人员能力计划、采购、成本和财务纳入统一计划体系的思路，是企业资源计划的前身。" }, "related": [ "mrp", "capacity-requirements-planning", "master-production-schedule" ], "references": [ "APICS Dictionary" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mrp-ii" }, { "id": "master-production-schedule", "type": "entry", "ja": "基準生産計画", "abbr": "MPS", "en": "Master Production Schedule", "zh": "主生产计划", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "基準生産計画は、最終製品や主要な中間品について、どの期間にいくつ生産するかを定めた計画です。需要予測と受注をもとに、在庫目標と能力を考慮して作られ、資材所要量計画の入力となります。計画の直近期間は変更を抑えるタイムフェンスを設けるのが一般的です。", "en": "A plan stating how many end items or key intermediates to produce in each period, based on forecast and orders, used as the input to MRP.", "zh": "规定最终产品或主要中间品在各期间生产多少的计划，依据需求预测和订单并考虑库存目标与能力制定，是物料需求计划的输入。" }, "related": [ "mrp", "gross-requirements", "production-management" ], "references": [ "APICS Dictionary" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/master-production-schedule" }, { "id": "bill-of-materials", "type": "entry", "ja": "部品表", "abbr": "BOM", "en": "Bill of Materials", "zh": "物料清单", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "部品表は、ある品目を作るのに必要な構成部品・材料とその員数を、親子関係の階層構造で表したものです。所要量展開・原価計算・払出しの基礎データとなり、子の所要量＝親の所要量×員数÷（1−不良率）のように計算されます。用途により設計BOMと製造BOMに分けて持つことがあります。", "en": "A hierarchical list of components and quantities per parent item, underpinning requirements explosion, costing and material issue.", "zh": "以父子层级结构表示制造某物料所需的零部件、材料及其用量，是需求展开、成本核算和发料的基础数据。" }, "related": [ "engineering-bom", "manufacturing-bom", "requirements-explosion", "low-level-code" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/bill-of-materials" }, { "id": "engineering-bom", "type": "entry", "ja": "設計BOM", "abbr": "E-BOM", "en": "Engineering BOM", "zh": "设计物料清单", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "設計BOMは、設計部門が製品の機能・構造の観点から作る部品表です。図面や部品番号の構成を表しますが、製造工程の順序や副資材、仕掛品の階層は含まないことが多く、製造BOMへ変換する際の差異管理と設計変更の反映が課題になります。", "en": "A BOM created by design engineering reflecting the product's functional structure, usually without process sequence or consumables, and converted into a manufacturing BOM.", "zh": "设计部门从产品功能和结构角度编制的物料清单，通常不含工序顺序、辅料和在制品层级，需转换为制造物料清单。" }, "related": [ "bill-of-materials", "manufacturing-bom" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/engineering-bom" }, { "id": "manufacturing-bom", "type": "entry", "ja": "製造BOM", "abbr": "M-BOM", "en": "Manufacturing BOM", "zh": "制造物料清单", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "製造BOMは、実際の製造手順に合わせて構成した部品表で、工程ごとの投入部品、副資材、仕掛品の階層、ロス分を含みます。資材所要量計画や払出し・バックフラッシュはこの製造BOMを使うため、内容が現場と合っていないと在庫差異の原因になります。", "en": "A BOM structured to match actual manufacturing steps, including per-operation components, consumables, WIP levels and losses; used by MRP and backflushing.", "zh": "按照实际制造步骤构建的物料清单，包括各工序投入零件、辅料、在制品层级和损耗，物料需求计划和倒冲均使用它。" }, "related": [ "bill-of-materials", "engineering-bom", "backflush" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/manufacturing-bom" }, { "id": "net-requirements", "type": "entry", "ja": "正味所要量", "abbr": null, "en": "Net Requirements", "zh": "净需求", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "正味所要量は、総所要量から利用可能な在庫と入庫予定を差し引いた、新たに手配が必要な量です。正味所要量＝総所要量−手持在庫−発注残＋安全在庫で求め、マイナスになれば手配不要とします。この値にロットサイジングを適用して計画オーダーの数量を決めます。", "en": "The quantity that must newly be ordered: gross requirements minus on-hand and scheduled receipts plus safety stock; lot sizing is then applied to form planned orders.", "zh": "从总需求中扣除可用库存和预计入库后需新安排的数量，净需求=总需求-现有库存-在途订单+安全库存，再经批量规则确定计划订单数量。" }, "related": [ "gross-requirements", "mrp", "lot-sizing", "planned-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/net-requirements" }, { "id": "gross-requirements", "type": "entry", "ja": "総所要量", "abbr": null, "en": "Gross Requirements", "zh": "毛需求", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "総所要量は、在庫を考慮する前の、ある期間に必要となる品目の総量です。最終製品では基準生産計画の数量、部品では上位品目の計画オーダー×員数の合計に、補修用などの独立需要を加えたものになります。", "en": "The total quantity of an item needed in a period before netting against stock: MPS quantities for end items, parent planned orders times usage for components.", "zh": "在考虑库存之前某期间所需物料的总量；成品为主生产计划数量，零件为上级物料计划订单乘以用量之和再加独立需求。" }, "related": [ "net-requirements", "requirements-explosion", "master-production-schedule" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gross-requirements" }, { "id": "requirements-explosion", "type": "entry", "ja": "所要量展開", "abbr": null, "en": "Requirements Explosion", "zh": "需求展开", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "所要量展開は、上位品目の所要量を部品表に沿って下位の構成部品へ順に分解し、各品目の総所要量を求める処理です。各階層で正味所要量を計算してから次の階層へ進むため、低位コードの順に処理することで、同じ部品の需要を漏れなく合算できます。", "en": "Breaking parent requirements down through the BOM level by level to obtain gross requirements for each component, processed in low-level-code order.", "zh": "沿物料清单将上级物料需求逐层分解到下级零部件、求得各物料毛需求的处理，按低层码顺序处理以完整汇总同一零件的需求。" }, "related": [ "bill-of-materials", "low-level-code", "gross-requirements", "mrp" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/requirements-explosion" }, { "id": "low-level-code", "type": "entry", "ja": "低位コード", "abbr": null, "en": "Low-Level Code", "zh": "低层码", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "低位コードは、ある品目が全ての部品表の中で現れる最も深い階層の番号です。複数の製品や階層で使われる共通部品は、最も下の階層まで所要量が出そろってから一度だけ正味計算する必要があるため、資材所要量計画はこのコードの小さい順に品目を処理します。", "en": "The lowest level at which an item appears across all BOMs; MRP processes items in this order so shared parts are netted once after all demand is collected.", "zh": "某物料在所有物料清单中出现的最低层级编号。物料需求计划按该编号由小到大处理，使通用零件在需求汇齐后只做一次净需求计算。" }, "related": [ "requirements-explosion", "bill-of-materials", "common-part" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/low-level-code" }, { "id": "lot-sizing", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロットサイジング", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Sizing", "zh": "批量规则", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "ロットサイジングは、正味所要量をもとに実際に発注・製造する数量（ロットサイズ）を決める規則です。ロット・フォー・ロット、固定数量、固定期間発注、経済的発注量などがあり、段取り費・発注費と在庫保管費のバランスや、最小・倍数ロットの制約を反映させます。", "en": "Rules that turn net requirements into actual order or production quantities, e.g. lot-for-lot, fixed quantity, period order quantity or EOQ.", "zh": "根据净需求确定实际采购或生产数量的规则，有逐批、固定数量、固定期间订货、经济订货批量等，需平衡准备与订货成本和保管成本。" }, "related": [ "lot-for-lot", "period-order-quantity", "net-requirements", "planned-order" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-sizing" }, { "id": "lot-for-lot", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロット・フォー・ロット", "abbr": "LFL", "en": "Lot-for-Lot", "zh": "逐批订货", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "ロット・フォー・ロットは、各期の正味所要量をそのまま計画オーダーの数量とするロットサイジング規則です。余分な在庫が残りにくい反面、発注や段取りの回数が増えるため、段取り時間が短い品目や高価な品目、受注生産の品目に向いています。", "en": "A lot-sizing rule that orders exactly each period's net requirement, minimizing leftover stock at the cost of more orders and setups.", "zh": "将各期净需求直接作为计划订单数量的批量规则，剩余库存少，但订货和换产次数增加，适合准备时间短、价格高或按单生产的物料。" }, "related": [ "lot-sizing", "period-order-quantity", "net-requirements" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/lot-for-lot" }, { "id": "period-order-quantity", "type": "entry", "ja": "固定期間発注", "abbr": "POQ", "en": "Period Order Quantity", "zh": "固定期间订货", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "固定期間発注は、あらかじめ決めた期間数ぶんの正味所要量をまとめて1回の計画オーダーにするロットサイジング規則です。期間数は経済的発注量÷1期あたりの平均需要で求めることが多く、発注回数を抑えつつ需要の変動にも追従できます。", "en": "A lot-sizing rule that combines net requirements for a fixed number of periods into one order, often setting the periods as EOQ divided by average demand per period.", "zh": "将预定期数的净需求合并为一次计划订单的批量规则，期数常按经济订货批量除以每期平均需求求得，可减少订货次数并跟随需求变化。" }, "related": [ "lot-sizing", "lot-for-lot" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/period-order-quantity" }, { "id": "planned-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "計画オーダー", "abbr": null, "en": "Planned Order", "zh": "计划订单", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "計画オーダーは、資材所要量計画が正味所要量とロットサイジングから自動生成する、手配の候補となるオーダーです。計画を回すたびに作り直される仮の存在で、担当者が確定すると製造オーダーや購買発注に変換され、以後は発注残として在庫計算に入ります。", "en": "A system-proposed order generated by MRP from net requirements and lot sizing; regenerated each run until firmed and converted into a production or purchase order.", "zh": "物料需求计划根据净需求和批量规则自动生成的待下达订单，每次运行都会重新生成，经确认后转为生产订单或采购订单。" }, "related": [ "mrp", "production-order", "net-requirements", "lot-sizing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/planned-order" }, { "id": "production-order", "type": "entry", "ja": "製造オーダー／製造指図", "abbr": null, "en": "Production Order", "zh": "生产订单", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "製造オーダーは、どの品目を、いくつ、いつまでに、どの工程・部品で作るかを現場に指示する確定した指図です。部品の引当・払出し、工程ごとの実績収集、原価集計の単位となり、完成報告によって製品在庫が増え、投入部品の在庫が減ります。", "en": "A firm instruction to the shop floor stating what to make, how many, by when and with which routing and components; the unit for allocation, reporting and costing.", "zh": "向现场下达的确定指令，规定生产何种物料、数量、交期及所用工序和零件，是零件分配、发料、实绩采集和成本归集的单位。" }, "related": [ "planned-order", "component-allocation", "material-issue-to-production", "seiban-number" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/production-order" }, { "id": "seiban-control", "type": "entry", "ja": "製番管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Seiban Control (Job-Order Based Control)", "zh": "制番管理", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "製番管理は、受注ごとに製番を付け、その製番に必要な部品・材料の手配、製造、原価集計をすべて製番単位で行う生産管理方式です。個別受注生産や設計変更の多い製品に適していますが、共通部品も製番ごとに手配するため在庫が重複しやすく、資材所要量計画の総量計算と対比されます。", "en": "A production control approach where procurement, manufacturing and costing are all done per job number tied to a customer order; suited to make-to-order but prone to duplicated stock.", "zh": "按订单赋予制番，并以制番为单位进行零件材料采购、生产和成本归集的生产管理方式，适合按单生产，但通用零件易重复备货。" }, "related": [ "seiban-number", "mrp", "production-order", "common-part" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/seiban-control" }, { "id": "capacity-requirements-planning", "type": "entry", "ja": "能力所要量計画", "abbr": "CRP", "en": "Capacity Requirements Planning", "zh": "能力需求计划", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "能力所要量計画は、計画オーダーと製造オーダーを工程手順に沿って展開し、各工程・設備の期間ごとの必要工数を計算して保有能力と比べる手法です。必要工数＝数量×単位作業時間＋段取り時間で求め、能力を超える期間を見つけて計画の調整につなげます。", "en": "Expanding planned and released orders through routings to compute required hours per work center and period and compare them with available capacity.", "zh": "将计划订单和生产订单按工艺路线展开，计算各工序或设备各期所需工时并与可用能力比较的方法，所需工时=数量×单位作业时间+准备时间。" }, "related": [ "load-leveling", "mrp-ii", "production-scheduling" ], "references": [ "APICS Dictionary" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/capacity-requirements-planning" }, { "id": "load-leveling", "type": "entry", "ja": "山積み・山崩し", "abbr": null, "en": "Loading and Load Leveling", "zh": "负荷堆积与削峰", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "山積みは、各工程や設備に割り当てた作業の負荷を期間ごとに積み上げて能力と比べることで、山崩しは、能力を超えた負荷を前後の期間や別の設備へ移して平らにすることです。負荷率＝負荷工数÷能力工数で見て、100％を超える期間を崩していきます。", "en": "Loading stacks assigned workload per resource and period against capacity; leveling shifts overloads to other periods or resources until load fits capacity.", "zh": "负荷堆积是将分配给各工序或设备的作业负荷按期间累计并与能力比较；削峰是把超出能力的负荷移到前后期间或其他设备使之平衡。" }, "related": [ "capacity-requirements-planning", "production-scheduling", "heijunka" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/load-leveling" }, { "id": "production-scheduling", "type": "entry", "ja": "生産スケジューリング", "abbr": null, "en": "Production Scheduling", "zh": "生产排程", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "生産スケジューリングは、製造オーダーの各作業を、どの設備で、どの順番に、何時から何時まで行うかを決めることです。資材所要量計画が日や週の単位で数量を決めるのに対し、設備能力や段取り替えの順序、部品の到着時刻を考慮して時刻単位の実行計画を作ります。", "en": "Deciding which resource performs each operation of each order, in what sequence and at what times, considering capacity, changeover sequence and material availability.", "zh": "确定生产订单各作业在哪台设备、以何种顺序、从何时到何时进行，考虑设备能力、换产顺序和零件到达时间，制定以时刻为单位的执行计划。" }, "related": [ "capacity-requirements-planning", "load-leveling", "changeover", "process-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/production-scheduling" }, { "id": "process-control", "type": "entry", "ja": "工程管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Process Control (Shop Floor Control)", "zh": "工序管理", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "工程管理は、製造オーダーが計画どおりに各工程を通過しているかを把握し、遅れや滞留に対して手を打つ活動です。着手・完了・数量・不良などの実績を集めて進捗を見える化し、仕掛在庫の量や工程間の滞留もここで管理します。", "en": "Monitoring whether orders pass through operations as planned and acting on delays or stagnation, using start, completion, quantity and defect actuals.", "zh": "掌握生产订单是否按计划通过各工序并对延误和滞留采取措施的活动，通过采集开工、完工、数量、不良等实绩使进度可视化。" }, "related": [ "wip-management", "production-scheduling", "inter-process-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/process-control" }, { "id": "wip-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "仕掛管理", "abbr": null, "en": "WIP Management", "zh": "在制品管理", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "仕掛管理は、材料を投入してから完成するまでの途中にある仕掛品の数量・所在・状態を把握し、適正な水準に保つ管理です。リトルの法則により平均仕掛量＝スループット×平均リードタイムの関係があるため、仕掛を減らすことはリードタイム短縮に直結します。", "en": "Tracking the quantity, location and status of work in process and keeping it at an appropriate level; by Little's Law, WIP equals throughput times lead time.", "zh": "掌握从投料到完工之间在制品的数量、位置和状态并保持适当水平的管理；根据利特尔法则，平均在制品量=产出率×平均提前期。" }, "related": [ "process-control", "inter-process-inventory", "manufacturing-lead-time" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/wip-management" }, { "id": "inter-process-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "工程間在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Inter-process Inventory", "zh": "工序间库存", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "工程間在庫は、前工程が完了して次工程の着手を待っている品物の在庫です。工程間の能力差や段取り替えのタイミングのずれを吸収する緩衝の役割を持つ一方、過大になるとリードタイムの延長や不良発見の遅れを招くため、引き取り方式などで上限を設けて管理します。", "en": "Stock that has completed one operation and is waiting for the next; it buffers capacity and timing gaps but lengthens lead time if allowed to grow.", "zh": "前工序完成、等待下工序开工的物品库存，可缓冲工序间能力差和换产时机差，但过多会延长提前期并推迟发现不良。" }, "related": [ "wip-management", "withdrawal", "replenishment-production" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inter-process-inventory" }, { "id": "setup", "type": "entry", "ja": "段取り", "abbr": null, "en": "Setup", "zh": "生产准备", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "段取りは、ある製品の生産を始める前に、設備・治工具・材料・条件設定などを整える準備作業です。段取り時間は生産数量に関係なく1回ごとにかかるため、ロットあたりの段取りコストを薄めようとするとロットが大きくなり、在庫が増える関係にあります。", "en": "Preparation of equipment, tooling, materials and settings before producing an item; its fixed time per run pushes toward larger lots and therefore more inventory.", "zh": "开始生产某产品前整备设备、工装、材料和参数设置的准备作业。准备时间与产量无关，为摊薄准备成本往往加大批量，从而增加库存。" }, "related": [ "changeover", "small-lot-production", "lot-sizing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/setup" }, { "id": "changeover", "type": "entry", "ja": "段取り替え", "abbr": null, "en": "Changeover", "zh": "换产", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "段取り替えは、同じ設備で生産する品目を切り替える際に、前の品目の後片付けと次の品目の段取りを行うことです。外段取り化や作業の並行化で段取り替え時間を短縮すると、小ロット生産が可能になり、ロットサイズに比例するサイクル在庫を減らせます。", "en": "Switching a resource from one item to another, including teardown and setup; shortening it enables smaller lots and lower cycle stock.", "zh": "同一设备切换生产物料时进行的前品种收尾和下一品种准备，缩短换产时间可实现小批量生产，减少与批量成正比的周转库存。" }, "related": [ "setup", "small-lot-production", "production-scheduling" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/changeover" }, { "id": "small-lot-production", "type": "entry", "ja": "小ロット化", "abbr": null, "en": "Lot Size Reduction", "zh": "小批量化", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "小ロット化は、1回に生産・発注する数量を小さくすることです。平均サイクル在庫はおおむねロットサイズ÷2となるため在庫と仕掛を減らせますが、段取り替えや発注の回数が増えるので、段取り時間の短縮と組み合わせて進めるのが前提になります。", "en": "Reducing the quantity produced or ordered per run; average cycle stock is roughly half the lot size, so it requires shorter changeovers to stay economical.", "zh": "缩小每次生产或订货数量。平均周转库存约为批量的一半，因此可减少库存和在制品，但须同时缩短换产时间。" }, "related": [ "changeover", "setup", "heijunka", "just-in-time" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/small-lot-production" }, { "id": "heijunka", "type": "entry", "ja": "平準化生産", "abbr": null, "en": "Production Leveling (Heijunka)", "zh": "均衡化生产", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "平準化生産は、生産する品種と数量を期間内で均し、毎日・毎時の生産内容のばらつきを小さくする考え方です。後工程の引き取りが平らになるため、前工程や仕入先が持つべき在庫と能力の余裕を抑えられ、後補充生産を成り立たせる前提条件になります。", "en": "Smoothing product mix and volume over a period so daily and hourly output varies little, reducing buffer stock and spare capacity upstream.", "zh": "在一定期间内平均安排生产品种和数量，减少每日每时生产内容的波动，使前工序和供应商所需的库存与能力余量得以降低。" }, "related": [ "replenishment-production", "just-in-time", "load-leveling", "small-lot-production" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/heijunka" }, { "id": "replenishment-production", "type": "entry", "ja": "後補充生産", "abbr": null, "en": "Replenishment Production (Pull Production)", "zh": "后补充生产", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "後補充生産は、後工程が使った分だけを前工程が作って補充する生産方式です。計画に基づいて押し出す方式と異なり、実際の消費を起点に生産指示が出るため、工程間在庫の上限がかんばん枚数などで決まり、作りすぎを防げます。", "en": "A pull method in which an upstream process makes only what the downstream process consumed, capping inter-process stock and preventing overproduction.", "zh": "前工序只生产并补充后工序已使用部分的拉动式生产方式，以实际消耗为起点下达生产指令，工序间库存上限由看板数量决定。" }, "related": [ "withdrawal", "just-in-time", "heijunka", "inter-process-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/replenishment-production" }, { "id": "withdrawal", "type": "entry", "ja": "引き取り", "abbr": null, "en": "Withdrawal (Pull Conveyance)", "zh": "领取（拉动搬运）", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "引き取りは、後工程が必要なときに必要な分だけ前工程の置き場へ部品を取りに行くことです。前工程が作ったものを一方的に送り込むのではなく、使う側が取りに行くことで、引き取られた分が前工程の生産指示となり、後補充生産の流れが成立します。", "en": "The downstream process fetching just the parts it needs from the upstream store when needed; what is withdrawn becomes the upstream production signal.", "zh": "后工序在需要时到前工序存放处领取所需数量的零件，被领走的部分即成为前工序的生产指令，从而形成后补充生产。" }, "related": [ "replenishment-production", "just-in-time", "inter-process-inventory" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/withdrawal" }, { "id": "just-in-time", "type": "entry", "ja": "ジャストインタイム", "abbr": "JIT", "en": "Just-in-Time", "zh": "准时化生产", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "ジャストインタイムは、必要なものを、必要なときに、必要な量だけ生産・供給するという考え方です。後補充・引き取り・平準化・小ロット化を組み合わせて在庫を最小限に保ちますが、供給の途絶に弱くなるため、重要部品には意図的な在庫を持つ判断も併せて求められます。", "en": "Producing and supplying only what is needed, when needed, in the amount needed, combining pull, leveling and small lots to minimize stock.", "zh": "只在需要时生产和供应所需数量的所需物品的思路，结合后补充、领取、均衡化和小批量化将库存降到最低，但对供应中断较为敏感。" }, "related": [ "replenishment-production", "withdrawal", "heijunka", "small-lot-production" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/just-in-time" }, { "id": "production-lead-time", "type": "entry", "ja": "生産リードタイム", "abbr": null, "en": "Production Lead Time", "zh": "生产提前期", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "生産リードタイムは、生産の手配を始めてから製品が完成するまでの期間です。資材の調達期間を含めて捉えることが多く、生産リードタイム＝調達リードタイム＋製造リードタイム（＋検査・待ち時間）と分解して、どこが長いかを把握します。受注から納品までの期間が顧客の許容より長いと、製品在庫を持つ必要が生じます。", "en": "The time from starting production arrangements to finished goods, often including procurement; if longer than customers accept, finished stock must be held.", "zh": "从开始安排生产到产品完工的期间，通常包括采购期，可分解为采购提前期+制造提前期（+检验和等待），若长于客户可接受交期则需持有成品库存。" }, "related": [ "manufacturing-lead-time", "mrp", "wip-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/production-lead-time" }, { "id": "manufacturing-lead-time", "type": "entry", "ja": "製造リードタイム", "abbr": null, "en": "Manufacturing Lead Time", "zh": "制造提前期", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "製造リードタイムは、材料を投入して製造を開始してから完成するまでの期間です。加工時間に加えて段取り・運搬・検査・待ち時間を含み、実際には待ち時間が大半を占めることが多いため、仕掛量を減らすことが短縮の近道になります。", "en": "The time from releasing material into production to completion, including setup, move, inspection and queue time, with queue time usually dominant.", "zh": "从投料开始生产到完工的期间，除加工时间外还包括准备、搬运、检验和等待时间，实际上等待时间往往占大半。" }, "related": [ "production-lead-time", "wip-management", "process-control" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/manufacturing-lead-time" }, { "id": "yield", "type": "entry", "ja": "歩留まり", "abbr": null, "en": "Yield", "zh": "成品率", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "歩留まりは、投入した材料や数量に対して得られた良品の割合です。歩留まり＝良品数÷投入数で表し、複数工程では各工程の歩留まりを掛け合わせたものが全体の歩留まりになります。歩留まりが低いほど、同じ良品数を得るために多くの材料と仕掛が必要になります。", "en": "The ratio of good output to input; overall yield across operations is the product of each operation's yield, and lower yield inflates material and WIP needs.", "zh": "良品产出相对于投入的比例，成品率=良品数÷投入数，多工序时总成品率为各工序成品率之积，成品率越低所需材料和在制品越多。" }, "related": [ "scrap-factor-adjustment", "defective-inventory", "bill-of-materials" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/yield" }, { "id": "scrap-factor-adjustment", "type": "entry", "ja": "不良率による所要量補正", "abbr": null, "en": "Scrap Factor Adjustment", "zh": "按不良率修正需求", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "不良率による所要量補正は、工程や部品で一定の不良・ロスが見込まれる場合に、所要量を割り増して計算することです。補正後の所要量＝必要良品数÷（1−不良率）で求め、部品表の員数や工程の歩留まりとして設定します。補正値が実態とずれると、欠品か余剰在庫のどちらかを生みます。", "en": "Inflating requirements to cover expected scrap: adjusted quantity equals required good quantity divided by one minus scrap rate, set on BOM lines or operations.", "zh": "在工序或零件预计有一定不良和损耗时上调需求量的计算，修正后需求=所需良品数÷（1-不良率），偏离实际会导致缺料或库存过剩。" }, "related": [ "yield", "bill-of-materials", "net-requirements" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/scrap-factor-adjustment" }, { "id": "alternate-part", "type": "entry", "ja": "代替部品", "abbr": null, "en": "Alternate Part", "zh": "替代零件", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "代替部品は、本来の部品が入手できないときなどに、同じ機能を果たすものとして使用が認められた別の部品です。部品表に優先順位付きで登録し、引当時に本来部品の在庫が足りなければ代替部品から引き当てる設定にすることで、欠品を回避しつつ在庫の偏りも抑えます。", "en": "A different part approved to perform the same function when the primary part is unavailable, registered with priority so allocation can switch automatically.", "zh": "在原零件无法获得等情况下，被认可可实现相同功能的其他零件，按优先顺序登记在物料清单中，分配时原零件不足则改用替代零件。" }, "related": [ "common-part", "component-allocation", "bill-of-materials" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/alternate-part" }, { "id": "common-part", "type": "entry", "ja": "共通部品", "abbr": null, "en": "Common Part", "zh": "通用零件", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "共通部品は、複数の製品や複数の階層で共通して使われる部品です。個々の製品の需要変動が合算されて相殺されるため、製品ごとに別部品を持つ場合より少ない安全在庫で同じ欠品率を保てます。資材所要量計画では低位コードによってまとめて正味計算されます。", "en": "A part used across multiple products or BOM levels; pooling demand lets it hold less safety stock for the same service level than product-specific parts.", "zh": "在多个产品或多个层级中共同使用的零件，各产品需求波动汇总后相互抵消，可用更少安全库存维持同等缺货率。" }, "related": [ "parts-standardization", "low-level-code", "alternate-part" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/common-part" }, { "id": "parts-standardization", "type": "entry", "ja": "部品の標準化", "abbr": null, "en": "Parts Standardization", "zh": "零件标准化", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "部品の標準化は、似た機能の部品を統一し、使用する部品の種類を減らす取り組みです。品目数が減ると共通部品化による在庫の集約効果、購買ロットの拡大、管理工数の削減が得られます。設計段階での選定ルールと、新規部品登録の抑制を組み合わせて進めます。", "en": "Consolidating parts with similar functions to reduce variety, yielding stock pooling, larger purchase lots and lower administration.", "zh": "统一功能相似的零件、减少所用零件种类的举措，可获得库存集约、采购批量扩大和管理工时减少等效果。" }, "related": [ "common-part", "alternate-part", "bill-of-materials" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/parts-standardization" }, { "id": "supplied-materials", "type": "entry", "ja": "支給品", "abbr": null, "en": "Supplied Materials (Customer-furnished)", "zh": "供给品（委托方提供物料）", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "支給品は、発注側が外注先や加工先に提供する材料・部品です。外注先の倉庫にあっても所有は発注側に残る場合があり、自社在庫として計上しながら所在は社外という状態になるため、支給数・使用数・残数を定期的に照合しないと在庫差異が生じやすくなります。", "en": "Materials or parts provided by the buyer to a subcontractor; often still owned by the buyer while held off-site, so issued, used and remaining quantities need regular reconciliation.", "zh": "委托方提供给外协方或加工方的材料和零件，存放在外协方仓库但所有权可能仍属委托方，须定期核对供给数、使用数和余数以防库存差异。" }, "related": [ "paid-and-free-supply", "subcontract-management", "stock-issue" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/supplied-materials" }, { "id": "paid-and-free-supply", "type": "entry", "ja": "有償支給／無償支給", "abbr": null, "en": "Paid Supply and Free Supply", "zh": "有偿供给与无偿供给", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "有償支給は支給品を外注先へ売却する形で渡す方式、無償支給は代金を取らずに渡し所有権を発注側に残す方式です。有償支給では外注先の在庫として扱われる一方、買い戻し時の利益計上や在庫の所有区分の扱いに注意が必要で、無償支給では外注先にある自社在庫の管理が課題になります。", "en": "Paid supply sells materials to the subcontractor, transferring them to its stock; free supply provides them without charge, keeping ownership and stock with the buyer.", "zh": "有偿供给是以出售方式向外协方提供物料，无偿供给是不收取货款、所有权保留在委托方的方式，二者在库存归属与核算上处理不同。" }, "related": [ "supplied-materials", "subcontract-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/paid-and-free-supply" }, { "id": "subcontract-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "外注管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Subcontract Management", "zh": "外协管理", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "外注管理は、加工や組立の一部を社外の協力会社に委託する際に、発注・支給品・納期・品質・単価を管理することです。外注先の工程は自社から見えにくいため、外注先在庫と支給品の残数、納期遅れの兆候を把握する仕組みが、自社の欠品と過剰在庫の両方を左右します。", "en": "Managing orders, supplied materials, delivery, quality and price when processing or assembly is outsourced, including visibility of stock held at subcontractors.", "zh": "将部分加工或装配委托外部协作企业时，对订单、供给品、交期、质量和单价进行的管理，包括掌握外协方处的库存和供给品余数。" }, "related": [ "supplied-materials", "paid-and-free-supply", "receiving-inspection" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/subcontract-management" }, { "id": "receiving-inspection", "type": "entry", "ja": "受入検査", "abbr": null, "en": "Receiving Inspection", "zh": "来料检验", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "受入検査は、購入品や外注品が納入された際に、数量・外観・寸法・性能などが要求を満たすかを確認する検査です。合格するまでは検査待ち在庫として引当対象から外すのが一般的で、全数検査か抜取検査かによって検査リードタイムと検査待ち在庫の量が変わります。", "en": "Inspection on receipt of purchased or subcontracted goods for quantity, appearance, dimensions and performance; stock stays unavailable until it passes.", "zh": "采购品或外协品到货时确认数量、外观、尺寸、性能等是否符合要求的检验，合格前一般作为待检库存不参与分配。" }, "related": [ "inspection-pending-inventory", "subcontract-management", "quality-hold" ], "references": [ "JIS Z 9015" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/receiving-inspection" }, { "id": "stock-issue", "type": "entry", "ja": "出庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Stock Issue", "zh": "出库", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "出庫は、倉庫や保管場所から品物を取り出し、在庫から減らすことです。製造への払出し、出荷、外注先への支給、廃棄、他倉庫への移動など目的は様々で、在庫記録上は出庫区分を分けて記録することで、在庫の減少理由を後から分析できるようにします。", "en": "Removing goods from a store and reducing stock, for production, shipment, subcontract supply, scrap or transfer, recorded with a reason type for later analysis.", "zh": "从仓库或存放处取出物品并扣减库存，目的包括生产发料、出货、外协供给、报废、移库等，记录时区分出库类型以便分析。" }, "related": [ "material-issue-to-production", "fifo", "supplied-materials" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/stock-issue" }, { "id": "material-issue-to-production", "type": "entry", "ja": "払出し", "abbr": null, "en": "Material Issue to Production", "zh": "生产发料", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "払出しは、製造オーダーに必要な部品や材料を倉庫から製造現場へ渡し、在庫から引き落とすことです。指図ごとに必要数を払い出す方式と、まとめて現場在庫へ移す方式があり、実際の投入量との差は戻入れや追加払出しで調整します。", "en": "Issuing components and materials from stores to the shop floor against a production order and deducting them from stock; differences from actual use are adjusted by returns or extra issues.", "zh": "将生产订单所需零件和材料从仓库交付生产现场并从库存中扣减，与实际投入量的差异通过退料或补发调整。" }, "related": [ "stock-issue", "backflush", "production-order", "component-allocation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/material-issue-to-production" }, { "id": "backflush", "type": "entry", "ja": "バックフラッシュ／逆フラッシュ", "abbr": null, "en": "Backflush", "zh": "倒冲（反冲）", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "バックフラッシュは、完成や工程完了の実績数量に部品表の員数を掛けて、使われたはずの部品を後から自動で在庫から引き落とす方式です。引落し量＝完成数×員数（＋標準ロス）で計算し、払出しの記録作業を省けますが、部品表と実際の投入がずれていると在庫差異がたまり、棚卸で初めて発覚します。", "en": "Automatically deducting components after the fact by multiplying reported completions by BOM quantities; it saves transactions but accumulates variances if the BOM is inaccurate.", "zh": "根据完工或工序完成实绩数量乘以物料清单用量，事后自动扣减应已消耗零件的方式，扣减量=完工数×用量（+标准损耗），清单不准时会积累库存差异。" }, "related": [ "manufacturing-bom", "material-issue-to-production", "raw-material-lot-linkage" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/backflush" }, { "id": "component-allocation", "type": "entry", "ja": "部品引当", "abbr": null, "en": "Component Allocation", "zh": "零件分配", "category": "生産管理・MRP", "definition": { "ja": "部品引当は、製造オーダーに必要な部品の在庫を、そのオーダー専用として予約することです。引当済みの数量は他のオーダーに使えないため、引当可能在庫＝手持在庫−引当済在庫−保留在庫で管理します。ロット管理品では引当時にどのロットを割り当てるかも決まります。", "en": "Reserving on-hand components for a specific production order; allocated quantity is unavailable to others, so available stock equals on-hand minus allocated minus held.", "zh": "为特定生产订单预留所需零件库存，已分配数量不可用于其他订单，可分配库存=现有库存-已分配库存-冻结库存。" }, "related": [ "production-order", "inventory-by-lot", "alternate-part", "material-issue-to-production" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/component-allocation" }, { "id": "warehouse-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "倉庫管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Warehouse Management", "zh": "仓库管理", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "倉庫管理は、入庫・保管・ピッキング・出庫までの倉庫内作業と、その結果として変わる在庫の数量・場所を正しく管理する業務です。製造業では原材料倉庫・部品倉庫・製品倉庫で求められる粒度が異なり、どこまでを倉庫の帳簿で持ち、どこから工程側の在庫とみなすかの線引きが在庫精度を左右します。", "en": "The management of in-warehouse operations from receiving and storage to picking and shipping, together with the quantities and locations of the inventory those operations change.", "zh": "对从入库、保管、拣货到出库的仓库内作业，以及由此变化的库存数量和位置进行正确管理的业务。" }, "related": [ "location-management", "wms", "warehouse-receiving", "warehouse-issuing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/warehouse-management" }, { "id": "location-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "ロケーション管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Location Management", "zh": "库位管理", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "ロケーション管理は、倉庫や工場内の保管場所に番地を振り、どの品目・ロットがどの番地に何個あるかを記録する仕組みです。在庫を「品目×ロケーション×ロット」の単位で持つことで、探す時間の削減や先入れ先出しの徹底が可能になりますが、移動のたびに記録を更新しないと帳簿と現物がすぐに乖離します。", "en": "A scheme that assigns addresses to storage places and records which item and lot is held in which address and in what quantity.", "zh": "为仓库或工厂内的保管场所编排库位号，并记录哪个物料、哪个批次在哪个库位有多少数量的机制。" }, "related": [ "fixed-location", "free-location", "inventory-transfer", "warehouse-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/location-management" }, { "id": "fixed-location", "type": "entry", "ja": "固定ロケーション", "abbr": null, "en": "Fixed Location Storage", "zh": "固定库位", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "固定ロケーションは、品目ごとに保管する番地をあらかじめ決めておく保管方式です。作業者が場所を覚えやすく、ライン近くの部品棚やピッキングエリアに向きますが、在庫が少ない時期も枠を空けておく必要があるため保管効率は下がりやすくなります。", "en": "A storage method in which a dedicated address is assigned in advance to each item. Easy for operators but tends to lower storage efficiency.", "zh": "预先为每个物料指定专用保管库位的保管方式。便于作业人员记忆，但保管效率容易下降。" }, "related": [ "free-location", "location-management", "storage-efficiency" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/fixed-location" }, { "id": "free-location", "type": "entry", "ja": "フリーロケーション", "abbr": null, "en": "Free Location Storage", "zh": "自由库位", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "フリーロケーションは、品目と保管場所を固定せず、入庫のたびに空いている番地へ格納する保管方式です。保管スペースを無駄なく使える反面、どこに何があるかを人の記憶では追えないため、ハンディターミナルなどで格納位置を必ず記録する運用とシステムが前提になります。", "en": "A storage method that does not tie items to addresses and puts goods into any free address at receipt, which requires the put-away location to be recorded by system.", "zh": "不固定物料与库位的对应关系，每次入库时存放到空闲库位的保管方式，前提是必须通过系统记录存放位置。" }, "related": [ "fixed-location", "location-management", "handheld-terminal", "storage-efficiency" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/free-location" }, { "id": "warehouse-receiving", "type": "entry", "ja": "入庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Warehouse Receipt (Put-away)", "zh": "入库", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "入庫は、入荷した品物や工程から完成した品物を倉庫の保管場所に納め、帳簿上の在庫として計上する行為です。製造業では購買品の入庫と製品の完成入庫で発生元のシステムが異なることが多く、検品完了と格納完了のどちらで在庫を増やすかを決めておかないと、在庫数と実際に使える数がずれます。", "en": "The act of placing received or completed goods into storage and recording them as book inventory.", "zh": "将到货物品或工序完工品存放到仓库保管场所，并计入账面库存的行为。" }, "related": [ "receiving-inspection-logistics", "warehouse-issuing", "inventory-transaction", "location-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/warehouse-receiving" }, { "id": "warehouse-issuing", "type": "entry", "ja": "出庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Warehouse Issue", "zh": "出库", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "出庫は、倉庫の保管場所から品物を取り出し、帳簿上の在庫を減らす行為です。物流の文脈では顧客向けの出荷に先立つ払い出しを指し、製造業では工程への部品払い出しも含みます。出庫の記録が遅れると、倉庫の在庫は残っているのに現物はラインにあるという状態が生まれます。", "en": "The act of taking goods out of storage and reducing book inventory, covering both shipments to customers and issues of parts to production.", "zh": "从仓库保管场所取出物品并减少账面库存的行为，既包括面向客户的发货，也包括向工序发放零部件。" }, "related": [ "warehouse-receiving", "picking", "shipping-instruction", "inventory-transaction" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/warehouse-issuing" }, { "id": "receiving-inspection-logistics", "type": "entry", "ja": "入荷検品", "abbr": null, "en": "Receiving Inspection (Logistics)", "zh": "到货验收", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "入荷検品は、届いた品物の品目・数量・荷姿・ラベルを発注内容や事前出荷明細と照合する作業です。品質検査とは別に、数量と品目の正しさを入口で確かめる工程であり、ここで差異を止めておくことが後工程の在庫差異を減らす最も安上がりな対策になります。", "en": "Checking the item, quantity, packing and labels of arriving goods against the order or advance shipping notice, separate from quality inspection.", "zh": "将到货物品的品目、数量、包装形态和标签与订单或预先发货通知进行核对的作业，与质量检验相区别。" }, "related": [ "warehouse-receiving", "shipping-inspection", "barcode", "edi" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/receiving-inspection-logistics" }, { "id": "shipping-inspection", "type": "entry", "ja": "出荷検品", "abbr": null, "en": "Shipping Inspection", "zh": "出货检验", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "出荷検品は、ピッキングした品物が出荷指示どおりの品目・数量・ロットであるかを、梱包や積み込みの前に確かめる作業です。バーコードやRFIDで照合すると誤出荷を防げるだけでなく、どのロットを誰に出したかの記録が残り、トレーサビリティの出口側の情報になります。", "en": "Verifying that picked goods match the shipping instruction in item, quantity and lot before packing or loading.", "zh": "在包装或装车前确认拣出的物品在品目、数量和批次上是否与发货指示一致的作业。" }, "related": [ "shipping-instruction", "picking", "barcode", "receiving-inspection-logistics" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/shipping-inspection" }, { "id": "picking", "type": "entry", "ja": "ピッキング", "abbr": null, "en": "Picking", "zh": "拣货", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "ピッキングは、出荷指示や製造指示に従い、保管場所から必要な品物を必要な数だけ取り出す作業です。倉庫作業の中で人手と時間を最も多く使う工程とされ、製造業ではキット化して工程へ供給する部品ピッキングも含まれます。取り出しの確定がそのまま在庫の減算になる点がシステム上の要点です。", "en": "Retrieving the required items in the required quantities from storage according to shipping or production orders.", "zh": "根据发货指示或生产指示，从保管场所取出所需数量所需物品的作业。" }, "related": [ "total-picking", "single-order-picking", "picking-replenishment", "shipping-inspection" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/picking" }, { "id": "total-picking", "type": "entry", "ja": "トータルピッキング", "abbr": null, "en": "Batch Picking", "zh": "汇总拣货", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "トータルピッキングは、複数の注文分を品目ごとに合計してまとめて取り出し、その後で注文別に仕分ける方式です。種まき方式とも呼ばれ、品目数が少なく注文数が多い場合に歩行距離を減らせます。一方、仕分け工程が増えるため、まとめて取った数と仕分けた数の照合が欠かせません。", "en": "A method that picks the combined quantity of multiple orders per item at once and then sorts it by order; also called put-to-store.", "zh": "将多个订单按品目汇总后一次性拣出，再按订单分拣的方式，也称播种式拣货。" }, "related": [ "single-order-picking", "picking", "sorting" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/total-picking" }, { "id": "single-order-picking", "type": "entry", "ja": "シングルピッキング", "abbr": null, "en": "Single-Order Picking", "zh": "按单拣货", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "シングルピッキングは、注文や製造指示を1件ずつ処理し、その1件に必要な品物を保管場所を巡回して集める方式です。摘み取り方式とも呼ばれ、仕分けが不要で誤りの発生箇所を特定しやすい反面、注文数が多いと歩行距離が増えます。製造業の部品キット供給でよく使われます。", "en": "A method that processes one order at a time and walks the storage area to collect the items for that order; also called pick-by-order.", "zh": "逐个处理订单或生产指示，巡回保管区域收集该单所需物品的方式，也称摘果式拣货。" }, "related": [ "total-picking", "picking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/single-order-picking" }, { "id": "sorting", "type": "entry", "ja": "仕分け", "abbr": null, "en": "Sorting", "zh": "分拣", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "仕分けは、まとめて取り出した品物や入荷した品物を、出荷先・工程・保管エリアなどの行き先別に分ける作業です。仕分けの段階で在庫は倉庫の棚を離れていても出荷は済んでいないため、システム上はどのステータスで持つかを決めておく必要があります。", "en": "Separating picked or received goods by destination such as customer, process or storage area.", "zh": "将汇总拣出或到货的物品按发货对象、工序、保管区域等去向进行区分的作业。" }, "related": [ "total-picking", "cross-docking", "inventory-status" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/sorting" }, { "id": "storage-efficiency", "type": "entry", "ja": "保管効率", "abbr": null, "en": "Storage Efficiency", "zh": "保管效率", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "保管効率は、倉庫の面積や容積のうち、実際に在庫が占めている割合を示す考え方です。高すぎると出し入れの動線がふさがり、低すぎると保管コストが膨らみます。製造業では在庫削減の効果が保管効率の改善として現れるため、外部倉庫費用の見直しと合わせて評価されます。", "en": "The proportion of warehouse floor area or volume actually occupied by inventory.", "zh": "表示仓库面积或容积中实际被库存占用比例的概念，过高会阻碍作业动线，过低则推高保管成本。" }, "related": [ "fixed-location", "free-location", "automated-warehouse", "external-warehouse" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/storage-efficiency" }, { "id": "automated-warehouse", "type": "entry", "ja": "自動倉庫", "abbr": "AS/RS", "en": "Automated Storage and Retrieval System", "zh": "自动化立体仓库", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "自動倉庫は、高層のラックとスタッカークレーンや搬送装置を組み合わせ、入庫と出庫を機械が自動で行う保管設備です。設備自身が棚番地ごとの在庫を管理する制御システムを持つため、上位の在庫管理システムとの間で数量と位置をどちらが正とするかを決めることが導入時の要点になります。", "en": "Storage equipment combining high-rise racks with stacker cranes or conveyors so that put-away and retrieval are performed automatically.", "zh": "将高层货架与堆垛机或输送设备组合，由机械自动完成入库和出库的保管设备。" }, "related": [ "storage-rack", "storage-efficiency", "system-of-record", "wms" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/automated-warehouse" }, { "id": "storage-rack", "type": "entry", "ja": "棚／ラック", "abbr": null, "en": "Storage Rack", "zh": "货架", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "棚（ラック）は、品物を段ごとに保管するための設備で、パレットラック・中量棚・流動棚などの種類があります。ロケーション管理では棚の列・段・間口を番地として表すのが一般的で、棚の構成を変えた際にシステム上の番地マスタも同時に直さないと在庫の場所が追えなくなります。", "en": "Equipment for storing goods on tiers, such as pallet racks and flow racks, whose rows, levels and bays usually form location addresses.", "zh": "按层保管物品的设备，包括托盘货架、流利式货架等，其排、层、列通常构成库位编号。" }, "related": [ "location-management", "automated-warehouse", "pallet" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/storage-rack" }, { "id": "pallet", "type": "entry", "ja": "パレット", "abbr": null, "en": "Pallet", "zh": "托盘", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "パレットは、品物を載せてフォークリフトなどでまとめて運ぶための荷役台です。製造業ではパレット単位で入出庫や保管を行うことが多く、1パレットに何個載るかが補充や発注の単位にも影響します。パレット自体を回収・管理する必要がある点も見落とされがちです。", "en": "A platform on which goods are loaded so they can be moved as one unit by forklift; often the unit of receipt, storage and replenishment.", "zh": "装载物品以便用叉车等整体搬运的装卸平台，常作为入出库、保管和补货的单位。" }, "related": [ "packing-style", "pack-quantity", "storage-rack", "sscc" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/pallet" }, { "id": "packing-style", "type": "entry", "ja": "荷姿", "abbr": null, "en": "Packing Form", "zh": "包装形态", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "荷姿は、品物が輸送や保管される際の包装と積み付けの形を指します。ばら・ケース・パレットなどの荷姿ごとに入数や寸法が異なるため、品目マスタに荷姿ごとの単位換算を持たせておかないと、入荷時と払い出し時で数量の数え方がずれる原因になります。", "en": "The form in which goods are packed and stacked for transport and storage, such as loose, case or pallet.", "zh": "物品在运输和保管时的包装及码放形式，如散装、箱装、托盘装等。" }, "related": [ "pack-quantity", "packaging", "pallet", "unit-of-measure-conversion" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/packing-style" }, { "id": "pack-quantity", "type": "entry", "ja": "入数", "abbr": null, "en": "Pack Quantity", "zh": "装箱数", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "入数は、1ケースや1箱などの荷姿単位に含まれる品物の個数です。発注や出荷はケース単位、使用は個単位という品目では、入数が単位換算の係数そのものになります。仕入先が入数を変更した際にマスタの更新が漏れると、数量が桁ごとずれる在庫差異が生じます。", "en": "The number of pieces contained in one packing unit such as a case or box, which acts as the conversion factor between units.", "zh": "一个包装单位（如一箱、一盒）中所含物品的个数，也是单位换算的系数。" }, "related": [ "packing-style", "unit-of-measure-conversion", "item-master" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/pack-quantity" }, { "id": "packaging", "type": "entry", "ja": "梱包", "abbr": null, "en": "Packing", "zh": "打包", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "梱包は、品物を輸送中の損傷から守り、取り扱いやすくするために箱詰めや包装を行う作業です。出荷工程では梱包の完了時点で出荷単位のラベルを発行することが多く、どの箱にどのロットが入ったかを記録できるかどうかで、出荷後の追跡の精度が決まります。", "en": "Boxing or wrapping goods to protect them in transit and make them easier to handle, often the point at which shipping labels are issued.", "zh": "为防止运输损伤并便于搬运，对物品进行装箱或包装的作业，常在此时发行发货标签。" }, "related": [ "packing-style", "label-printing", "shipping-inspection" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/packaging" }, { "id": "bonded-warehouse", "type": "entry", "ja": "保税倉庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Bonded Warehouse", "zh": "保税仓库", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "保税倉庫は、輸入手続きが済んでいない外国貨物を、関税などを納めないまま保管できる許可を受けた倉庫です。輸入部材を保税のまま置き、必要な分だけ通関する運用が可能ですが、自社の在庫として数えるか、未着の在庫として扱うかは取引条件や会計処理の方針によって決める必要があります。", "en": "A licensed warehouse where foreign goods not yet cleared through customs can be stored without paying duties.", "zh": "经许可、可在未缴纳关税的状态下保管尚未办理进口手续的外国货物的仓库。" }, "related": [ "external-warehouse", "export-control-classification", "transit-lead-time" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/bonded-warehouse" }, { "id": "external-warehouse", "type": "entry", "ja": "外部倉庫", "abbr": null, "en": "External Warehouse", "zh": "外部仓库", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "外部倉庫は、自社の工場や拠点の外にあり、物流業者などに保管を委託している倉庫です。在庫の所有権は自社にあるまま現物は他社の管理下に置かれるため、委託先の在庫報告と自社の帳簿をどの頻度で突き合わせるかが在庫精度の鍵になります。", "en": "A warehouse outside the company's own sites where storage is outsourced, so the owned stock is physically held by another party.", "zh": "位于自有工厂或据点之外、委托物流商等保管的仓库，库存所有权仍属本公司。" }, "related": [ "third-party-logistics", "inter-site-transfer", "inventory-reconciliation-between-systems" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/external-warehouse" }, { "id": "third-party-logistics", "type": "entry", "ja": "3PL", "abbr": "3PL", "en": "Third-Party Logistics", "zh": "第三方物流", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "3PLは、荷主企業が保管・入出荷・配送などの物流業務を一括して外部の専門事業者に委託する形態です。製造業では製品倉庫を3PLに任せる例が多く、在庫の現物情報は委託先の倉庫管理システムにあり、自社の基幹システムとはEDIやファイル連携でつなぐのが一般的です。", "en": "An arrangement in which a shipper outsources logistics operations such as storage, receiving, shipping and delivery to a specialist provider.", "zh": "货主企业将保管、出入库、配送等物流业务整体委托给外部专业企业的形态。" }, "related": [ "external-warehouse", "wms", "edi" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/third-party-logistics" }, { "id": "cross-docking", "type": "entry", "ja": "クロスドッキング", "abbr": null, "en": "Cross-Docking", "zh": "越库作业", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "クロスドッキングは、入荷した品物を保管せずに、その場で仕分けて出荷する物流方式です。在庫を持たない通過型の運用になるため、システム上は入荷と出荷を短時間で連続して記録するか、通過在庫として別のステータスで扱うかを決めておく必要があります。", "en": "A logistics method in which received goods are sorted and shipped immediately without being put into storage.", "zh": "到货物品不入库保管、当场分拣后直接发货的物流方式，系统上需决定如何记录通过型库存。" }, "related": [ "sorting", "distribution-center", "inventory-status" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cross-docking" }, { "id": "picking-replenishment", "type": "entry", "ja": "ピッキング補充", "abbr": null, "en": "Pick-Face Replenishment", "zh": "拣货位补货", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "ピッキング補充は、保管エリアからピッキングエリアの棚へ品物を移し、取り出し用の在庫を切らさないようにする倉庫内の作業です。発注による補充とは異なり、在庫の総量は変わらず置き場所だけが変わるため、システム上はロケーション間の在庫移動として記録します。", "en": "Moving stock from reserve storage to pick faces so that picking stock does not run out; the total quantity stays the same.", "zh": "将物品从存储区移至拣货区货位以免拣货库存断档的仓库内作业，库存总量不变。" }, "related": [ "picking", "inventory-transfer", "location-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/picking-replenishment" }, { "id": "handheld-terminal", "type": "entry", "ja": "ハンディターミナル", "abbr": null, "en": "Handheld Terminal", "zh": "手持终端", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "ハンディターミナルは、バーコードや二次元コードを読み取る機能を備えた携帯型の入力端末です。入庫・ピッキング・棚卸などの作業を現場で即時に記録できるため、紙の伝票を後から入力する運用に比べて在庫の更新遅れと入力ミスを大きく減らせます。", "en": "A portable input device with barcode or 2D code scanning that records warehouse transactions on the spot.", "zh": "具备条码或二维码读取功能的便携式输入终端，可在现场即时记录作业。" }, "related": [ "barcode", "two-dimensional-code", "free-location", "real-time-integration" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/handheld-terminal" }, { "id": "barcode", "type": "entry", "ja": "バーコード", "abbr": null, "en": "Barcode", "zh": "条形码", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "バーコードは、太さの異なる線の並びで数字や文字を表し、読み取り機で入力できるようにした一次元の識別記号です。製造業では品目コード・ロット番号・ロケーション番号などを表すのに使われ、手入力を読み取りに置き換えることが在庫トランザクションの正確さを高める基本手段になります。", "en": "A one-dimensional symbol that encodes digits or characters as bars of varying widths so they can be read by a scanner.", "zh": "以不同粗细线条的排列表示数字或字符、可由读取器输入的一维识别符号。" }, "related": [ "two-dimensional-code", "handheld-terminal", "gtin", "label-printing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/barcode" }, { "id": "two-dimensional-code", "type": "entry", "ja": "二次元コード", "abbr": null, "en": "Two-Dimensional Code", "zh": "二维码", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "二次元コードは、縦横の模様に情報を持たせた識別記号で、一次元バーコードより多くの情報を小さな面積に収められます。品目・ロット・数量・有効期限を1つのコードにまとめて表せるため、部品への直接刻印や現品票に使われ、読み取り1回で複数項目を記録できます。", "en": "A symbol that stores information in both horizontal and vertical patterns, holding more data in less space than a linear barcode.", "zh": "在横纵两个方向的图案中存储信息的识别符号，能以更小面积容纳比一维条码更多的信息。" }, "related": [ "barcode", "handheld-terminal", "label-printing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/two-dimensional-code" }, { "id": "rfid", "type": "entry", "ja": "RFID", "abbr": "RFID", "en": "Radio Frequency Identification", "zh": "射频识别", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "RFIDは、電波を使ってタグの情報を非接触で読み書きする自動認識の技術です。見通しがなくても複数のタグを一度に読めるため、通い箱や金型の所在管理、棚卸の省力化に使われます。ただし金属や水分の影響で読み漏れが起きるため、読めた数をそのまま在庫数とみなさない設計が必要です。", "en": "Automatic identification technology that reads and writes tag data contactlessly by radio waves, allowing many tags to be read at once.", "zh": "利用无线电波非接触读写标签信息的自动识别技术，可一次读取多个标签。" }, "related": [ "ic-tag", "barcode", "handheld-terminal" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/rfid" }, { "id": "ic-tag", "type": "entry", "ja": "ICタグ", "abbr": null, "en": "IC Tag", "zh": "电子标签", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "ICタグは、ICチップとアンテナを備え、RFIDの読み取り機と電波で情報をやり取りする媒体です。電池を持たないパッシブ型が一般的で、ラベル型・樹脂封止型・金属対応型などがあります。製造業では繰り返し使う容器や治具に付けて、識別番号と所在を結び付ける用途が中心です。", "en": "A medium with an IC chip and antenna that exchanges data with RFID readers by radio, commonly attached to returnable containers and tools.", "zh": "带有芯片和天线、通过无线电与射频识别读取器交换信息的载体，常用于周转箱和工装。" }, "related": [ "rfid", "label-printing" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/ic-tag" }, { "id": "label-printing", "type": "entry", "ja": "ラベル発行", "abbr": null, "en": "Label Printing", "zh": "标签打印", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "ラベル発行は、品目・ロット・数量・行き先などを印字した識別ラベルを作成し、現品や荷物に貼り付ける作業です。ラベルの内容はシステムの記録と1対1で対応している必要があり、発行と同時に在庫やロットの記録を作ることで、後工程の読み取りが確実に照合できるようになります。", "en": "Creating identification labels printed with item, lot, quantity or destination and attaching them to goods or packages.", "zh": "制作印有品目、批次、数量、去向等信息的识别标签并贴附于实物或货物上的作业。" }, "related": [ "barcode", "two-dimensional-code", "packaging", "sscc" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/label-printing" }, { "id": "in-plant-logistics", "type": "entry", "ja": "構内物流", "abbr": null, "en": "In-Plant Logistics", "zh": "厂内物流", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "構内物流は、工場の敷地内で行われる、倉庫から工程へ、工程から工程へ、工程から製品倉庫へといった品物の移動の総称です。移動のたびに在庫の置き場所と責任部署が変わるため、どの移動を在庫の移動として記録し、どこまでを工程内の流れとして記録しないかの線引きが重要です。", "en": "The movement of goods within a factory site, such as from warehouse to process, between processes, and from process to finished-goods storage.", "zh": "工厂内部从仓库到工序、工序之间、工序到成品仓库等物品移动的总称。" }, "related": [ "material-handling-supply", "line-side-inventory", "mizusumashi", "inventory-transfer" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/in-plant-logistics" }, { "id": "material-handling-supply", "type": "entry", "ja": "部品供給", "abbr": null, "en": "Line Feeding", "zh": "物料配送上线", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "部品供給は、生産ラインが必要とする部品を、必要な時に必要な量だけ作業場所へ届けるマテリアルハンドリングの業務です。かんばん・順序供給・キット供給などの方式があり、倉庫からの払い出しを在庫の減算点とするか、ラインでの消費を減算点とするかで、線側在庫の見え方が変わります。", "en": "Delivering the parts a production line needs to the workstation at the right time and quantity, by methods such as kanban, sequencing or kitting.", "zh": "在需要的时间将生产线所需数量的零部件送到作业位置的物料搬运业务。" }, "related": [ "line-side-inventory", "mizusumashi", "in-plant-logistics", "single-order-picking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/material-handling-supply" }, { "id": "line-side-inventory", "type": "entry", "ja": "線側在庫", "abbr": null, "en": "Line-Side Inventory", "zh": "线边库存", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "線側在庫は、生産ラインの脇に置かれ、作業者がすぐ使える状態にある部品在庫です。倉庫から払い出し済みのため倉庫の帳簿からは消えている一方、まだ製品に組み込まれていないため、どのシステムでも数量が把握されていない在庫になりやすく、棚卸差異の主な発生源になります。", "en": "Parts stock placed beside the production line ready for use; often invisible in any system because it has left the warehouse books but is not yet consumed.", "zh": "放置在生产线旁、作业人员可随时使用的零部件库存，常成为任何系统都未掌握数量的库存。" }, "related": [ "material-handling-supply", "mizusumashi", "wip-posting", "system-boundary" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/line-side-inventory" }, { "id": "mizusumashi", "type": "entry", "ja": "水すまし", "abbr": null, "en": "Mizusumashi (Water Spider)", "zh": "巡回配送员", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "水すましは、決まった経路と周期で工程を巡回し、部品の補充や空き箱の回収、かんばんの回収を行う運搬担当者またはその仕組みです。巡回の周期と1回の運搬量が線側在庫の上限を決めるため、在庫量を設計する際の重要な変数になります。", "en": "A material handler who circulates through processes on a fixed route and cycle to replenish parts and collect empty containers and kanban.", "zh": "按固定路线和周期巡回各工序，负责补充零部件、回收空箱和看板的搬运人员或机制。" }, "related": [ "line-side-inventory", "material-handling-supply", "in-plant-logistics" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mizusumashi" }, { "id": "distribution-center", "type": "entry", "ja": "物流センター", "abbr": null, "en": "Distribution Center", "zh": "物流中心", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "物流センターは、保管・流通加工・仕分け・出荷などの機能を集約し、複数の工場や仕入先からの品物を顧客別にまとめて届けるための拠点です。製造業では製品在庫を工場から切り離して置く場所となることが多く、どの拠点に何を何日分置くかが在庫配置計画の対象になります。", "en": "A facility that consolidates storage, processing, sorting and shipping to deliver goods from multiple plants or suppliers to customers.", "zh": "集中保管、流通加工、分拣、发货等功能，将来自多个工厂或供应商的物品按客户汇总配送的据点。" }, "related": [ "cross-docking", "inter-site-transfer", "warehouse-management" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/distribution-center" }, { "id": "shipping-instruction", "type": "entry", "ja": "出荷指示", "abbr": null, "en": "Shipping Instruction", "zh": "发货指示", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "出荷指示は、受注や納入計画に基づき、どの品目を何個、いつ、どこへ出荷するかを倉庫に伝える指図です。通常は基幹システムで作られて倉庫管理システムへ渡され、倉庫側はこれを受けて引当・ピッキング・検品を行います。指示と実績の差を戻す経路が欠けると在庫の不整合が残ります。", "en": "An order to the warehouse specifying which items to ship, in what quantity, when and where, usually created in the business system and passed to the warehouse.", "zh": "根据订单或交货计划，向仓库传达哪个品目、多少数量、何时、发往何处的指令。" }, "related": [ "shipment-allocation", "picking", "shipping-inspection", "erp" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/shipping-instruction" }, { "id": "shipment-allocation", "type": "entry", "ja": "出荷引当", "abbr": null, "en": "Shipment Allocation", "zh": "发货分配", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "出荷引当は、出荷指示に対して、実際に出荷する在庫をロケーションやロットの単位で割り当てる処理です。先入れ先出しや有効期限の近い順など、どのロットから出すかの規則がここで適用されます。引当済みの在庫は他の出荷に使えなくなるため、引当可能数の計算に反映されます。", "en": "Assigning specific stock by location and lot to a shipping instruction, applying rules such as first-in first-out or first-expiry first-out.", "zh": "针对发货指示，以库位或批次为单位分配实际发出的库存的处理，并在此应用先进先出等规则。" }, "related": [ "shipping-instruction", "inventory-reservation", "hard-allocation", "picking" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/shipment-allocation" }, { "id": "inventory-transfer", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫移動", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Transfer", "zh": "库存移动", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "在庫移動は、在庫の総数を変えずに、保管場所・保管エリア・在庫ステータスなどを変更する処理です。棚替えや工程への払い出し、不良品の隔離などが該当します。移動元の減算と移動先の加算を1つのトランザクションとして記録しないと、移動中に在庫が消えたり二重に見えたりします。", "en": "A transaction that changes the location, area or status of stock without changing its total quantity.", "zh": "在不改变库存总数的前提下，变更保管场所、区域或库存状态的处理。" }, "related": [ "inter-site-transfer", "location-management", "inventory-transaction", "picking-replenishment" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-transfer" }, { "id": "inter-site-transfer", "type": "entry", "ja": "拠点間移動", "abbr": null, "en": "Inter-Site Transfer", "zh": "据点间调拨", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "拠点間移動は、工場・倉庫・物流センターなど異なる拠点の間で在庫を移す取引です。出荷側で減らしてから入荷側で増やすまでの間は輸送中在庫となり、どちらの拠点の帳簿にも載らない期間が生じます。輸送中在庫を明示的に持つかどうかで、全社在庫の合計が変わります。", "en": "Moving stock between different sites such as plants, warehouses and distribution centers, creating in-transit stock between shipment and receipt.", "zh": "在工厂、仓库、物流中心等不同据点之间转移库存的交易，发出与接收之间会产生在途库存。" }, "related": [ "inventory-transfer", "transit-lead-time", "distribution-center", "external-warehouse" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inter-site-transfer" }, { "id": "transit-lead-time", "type": "entry", "ja": "輸送リードタイム", "abbr": null, "en": "Transit Lead Time", "zh": "运输提前期", "category": "物流・倉庫", "definition": { "ja": "輸送リードタイムは、出荷元を出てから到着先で受け入れられるまでにかかる時間です。補充リードタイムの一部として安全在庫や発注点の計算に入り、海外調達では通関や船積み待ちのばらつきが大きいため、平均値だけでなく変動幅を把握しておくことが在庫水準の設定に効いてきます。", "en": "The time from departure at the origin to acceptance at the destination, a component of replenishment lead time.", "zh": "从发出地出发到目的地接收所需的时间，是补货提前期的组成部分。" }, "related": [ "inter-site-transfer", "tms", "bonded-warehouse" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/transit-lead-time" }, { "id": "erp", "type": "entry", "ja": "ERP", "abbr": "ERP", "en": "Enterprise Resource Planning", "zh": "企业资源计划", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "ERPは、販売・購買・生産・在庫・会計などの基幹業務を共通のデータベースで統合する業務システムです。在庫については品目・拠点・保管場所単位の数量と金額の正本を持つことが多く、倉庫内の棚番地や工程内の仕掛品の細かい動きは、WMSやMESに任せて集計値だけを受け取るのが一般的な境界です。", "en": "A business system integrating sales, purchasing, production, inventory and accounting on a common database; usually the record for inventory quantity and value by item and site.", "zh": "以共同数据库整合销售、采购、生产、库存、会计等核心业务的系统，通常持有按品目和据点的库存数量与金额的正本。" }, "related": [ "mes", "wms", "system-of-record", "system-boundary" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/erp" }, { "id": "mes", "type": "entry", "ja": "MES", "abbr": "MES", "en": "Manufacturing Execution System", "zh": "制造执行系统", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "MESは、製造指示の展開、作業実績や品質データの収集、仕掛品とロットの追跡など、工場現場の製造活動を管理するシステムです。在庫の観点では工程内の仕掛品・線側在庫・ロットの系譜を持つのが役割で、完成数や部品消費数をERPへ報告するところが一般的なシステム境界になります。", "en": "A system that manages shop-floor execution, including order dispatch, collection of production and quality data, and tracking of WIP and lots.", "zh": "管理工厂现场制造活动的系统，包括下达制造指示、收集作业实绩与质量数据、追踪在制品与批次等。" }, "related": [ "mom", "erp", "wip-posting", "production-data-collection" ], "references": [ "ISA-95" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mes" }, { "id": "mom", "type": "entry", "ja": "MOM", "abbr": "MOM", "en": "Manufacturing Operations Management", "zh": "制造运营管理", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "MOMは、生産だけでなく品質・保全・在庫の各オペレーションを含めて工場の運営を管理する考え方、またはそれを支えるシステム群です。ISA-95の第3レベルに相当し、工場内の在庫移動や保管を扱う在庫オペレーションも範囲に含むため、WMSやMESとの役割分担を整理する枠組みとして使われます。", "en": "The management of plant operations covering production, quality, maintenance and inventory operations, corresponding to Level 3 of ISA-95.", "zh": "涵盖生产、质量、维护和库存各项运营的工厂运营管理思路或系统群，相当于ISA-95的第3层。" }, "related": [ "mes", "isa-95", "isa-95-hierarchy-model", "wms" ], "references": [ "ISA-95" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/mom" }, { "id": "wms", "type": "entry", "ja": "WMS", "abbr": "WMS", "en": "Warehouse Management System", "zh": "仓库管理系统", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "WMSは、入荷・格納・ピッキング・出荷・棚卸などの倉庫内作業と、ロケーション単位の在庫を管理するシステムです。棚番地やロット単位の在庫の正本はWMSが持ち、ERPには品目・保管場所単位の合計数量を連携する分担が一般的です。両者の数量が合わない時にどちらを正とするかを決めておく必要があります。", "en": "A system that manages warehouse operations and location-level inventory; it usually holds the record by location and lot and sends totals to the ERP.", "zh": "管理仓库内作业和库位级库存的系统，通常持有库位与批次级库存的正本，并向企业资源计划系统传送汇总数量。" }, "related": [ "erp", "location-management", "system-of-record", "inventory-synchronization" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/wms" }, { "id": "scp", "type": "entry", "ja": "SCP", "abbr": "SCP", "en": "Supply Chain Planning", "zh": "供应链计划", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "SCPは、需要予測・供給計画・在庫配置などを複数拠点にまたがって立案するための計画系システムです。在庫の正本は持たず、ERPなどから現在庫や発注残を取り込んで計画を作り、その結果を計画オーダーとして基幹側に戻すのが一般的な境界です。取り込む在庫の鮮度が計画の質を左右します。", "en": "Planning systems that create demand, supply and inventory deployment plans across sites; they import inventory from the ERP rather than hold the record.", "zh": "跨多个据点制定需求预测、供应计划、库存配置等的计划类系统，不持有库存正本，而是从核心系统导入。" }, "related": [ "aps", "erp", "batch-integration" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/scp" }, { "id": "aps", "type": "entry", "ja": "APS", "abbr": "APS", "en": "Advanced Planning and Scheduling", "zh": "高级计划与排程", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "APSは、設備能力・資材在庫・段取りなどの制約を同時に考慮して、生産計画や詳細な作業順序を立案するシステムです。在庫は制約条件として参照する側であり、正本はERPやMESにあります。計画時点の在庫と実際の在庫がずれていると実行できない計画になるため、取り込みの頻度と時点が重要です。", "en": "A system that builds production plans and detailed schedules considering constraints such as capacity, material availability and changeovers at the same time.", "zh": "同时考虑设备能力、物料库存、换线等约束来制定生产计划和详细作业顺序的系统。" }, "related": [ "scp", "mes", "erp" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/aps" }, { "id": "tms", "type": "entry", "ja": "TMS", "abbr": "TMS", "en": "Transportation Management System", "zh": "运输管理系统", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "TMSは、配車・輸送ルート・運賃・運行状況など、輸送業務を計画・管理するシステムです。在庫の正本は持ちませんが、拠点間移動の出発と到着の情報を持つため、輸送中在庫の所在や到着予定をERPやWMSへ伝える役割を担うことがあります。", "en": "A system that plans and manages transportation, such as vehicle dispatch, routes, freight and shipment status; it can supply in-transit information to other systems.", "zh": "计划和管理配车、运输路线、运费、运行状况等运输业务的系统，可向其他系统提供在途库存信息。" }, "related": [ "transit-lead-time", "inter-site-transfer", "wms" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/tms" }, { "id": "qms", "type": "entry", "ja": "QMS", "abbr": "QMS", "en": "Quality Management System", "zh": "质量管理体系", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "QMSは、品質方針・手順・記録を体系的に運用する仕組み、またはそれを支える品質管理システムを指します。在庫との関係では、検査結果に応じて在庫を保留・合格・不合格に切り替える判断がQMS側で行われ、その結果を在庫ステータスとしてERPやWMSに反映する連携が境界になります。", "en": "A system for managing quality policies, procedures and records; its inspection decisions drive inventory status changes such as hold, release or reject.", "zh": "系统化运行质量方针、程序和记录的体系或系统，其检验判定会驱动库存状态的变更。" }, "related": [ "inventory-status", "iso-9001", "iatf-16949" ], "references": [ "ISO 9001" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/qms" }, { "id": "plm", "type": "entry", "ja": "PLM", "abbr": "PLM", "en": "Product Lifecycle Management", "zh": "产品生命周期管理", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "PLMは、製品の企画・設計から生産・廃止までの技術情報を一元管理する考え方とシステムです。在庫は持ちませんが、設計部品表や設計変更の情報がERPの品目マスタや部品表の元になるため、設計変更の切り替え時期を誤ると旧部品の在庫が残ったり新部品が不足したりします。", "en": "Managing engineering information across a product's life from concept to retirement; design changes from it affect which parts' stock becomes obsolete or short.", "zh": "统一管理产品从策划、设计到停产全过程技术信息的思路与系统，其设计变更会影响旧零件库存与新零件需求。" }, "related": [ "item-master", "master-data", "erp" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/plm" }, { "id": "cmms", "type": "entry", "ja": "CMMS", "abbr": "CMMS", "en": "Computerized Maintenance Management System", "zh": "计算机化维护管理系统", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "CMMSは、設備台帳・保全計画・作業記録などの保全業務を管理するシステムです。保守部品や消耗品の在庫をCMMS内で持つ場合と、ERPの在庫として持つ場合があり、どちらを正本にするかで発注の起点や棚卸の範囲が変わります。保守部品は使用頻度が低いため、二重管理になりやすい領域です。", "en": "A system that manages maintenance work such as equipment registers, plans and records; spare-parts stock may be held here or in the ERP.", "zh": "管理设备台账、维护计划、作业记录等维护业务的系统，备件库存可能在该系统或企业资源计划系统中持有。" }, "related": [ "system-of-record", "dual-management", "erp" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/cmms" }, { "id": "system-of-record", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫の正本／システム・オブ・レコード", "abbr": null, "en": "System of Record (Inventory)", "zh": "库存权威记录系统", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "在庫の正本は、ある在庫情報について、複数のシステムの値が食い違ったときに正しいとみなすシステムまたはデータのことです。製造業では金額と拠点合計はERP、棚番地とロットはWMS、仕掛品はMESというように、項目ごとに正本を分けて定義するのが現実的で、この定義がない状態が在庫差異の温床になります。", "en": "The system or data treated as authoritative when inventory values in multiple systems disagree; in practice defined per data element.", "zh": "当多个系统的库存值不一致时被视为正确的系统或数据，实践中按数据项分别定义。" }, "related": [ "system-boundary", "dual-management", "inventory-synchronization", "erp" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/system-of-record" }, { "id": "master-data", "type": "entry", "ja": "マスタデータ", "abbr": null, "en": "Master Data", "zh": "主数据", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "マスタデータは、品目・取引先・拠点・保管場所・単位など、取引の前提として繰り返し参照される基本情報です。在庫の数量そのものではありませんが、単位や保管場所の定義がシステム間でずれていると、同じ在庫が別の数字に見えます。複数システムで使うマスタは、どこで作りどこへ配るかを決めて管理します。", "en": "Basic reference data such as items, partners, sites, storage locations and units that transactions repeatedly rely on.", "zh": "品目、交易方、据点、保管场所、单位等作为交易前提而被反复引用的基础信息。" }, "related": [ "item-master", "unit-of-measure-conversion", "data-integration-platform" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/master-data" }, { "id": "item-master", "type": "entry", "ja": "品目マスタ", "abbr": null, "en": "Item Master", "zh": "物料主数据", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "品目マスタは、品目コード・名称・単位・調達区分・リードタイム・ロット管理の有無など、品目ごとの属性を定義するマスタです。在庫の数え方や補充の計算はすべてここの設定に依存するため、ERPで作成した内容をWMSやMESへ配信して、システムごとに属性が食い違わないようにするのが一般的です。", "en": "Master data defining attributes per item, such as code, name, unit, sourcing type, lead time and lot control.", "zh": "按品目定义编码、名称、单位、采购类别、提前期、是否批次管理等属性的主数据。" }, "related": [ "master-data", "unit-of-measure-conversion", "pack-quantity", "plm" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/item-master" }, { "id": "unit-of-measure-conversion", "type": "entry", "ja": "単位換算", "abbr": null, "en": "Unit of Measure Conversion", "zh": "单位换算", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "単位換算は、発注単位・保管単位・使用単位など、同じ品目を異なる単位で扱う際に数量を変換する仕組みです。箱で買って個で使う、kgで買ってmで使うといった品目では、換算係数の誤りや端数の丸め方の違いが、システム間の在庫差異として静かに蓄積していきます。", "en": "Converting quantities when the same item is handled in different units for purchasing, storage and consumption.", "zh": "同一品目在采购、保管、使用等环节采用不同单位时进行数量换算的机制。" }, "related": [ "item-master", "pack-quantity", "packing-style" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/unit-of-measure-conversion" }, { "id": "inventory-transaction", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫トランザクション", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Transaction", "zh": "库存事务", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "在庫トランザクションは、入庫・出庫・移動・調整など、在庫の数量やステータスを変える1件ごとの記録です。現在庫はトランザクションを積み上げた結果であり、いつ・誰が・何を・どこからどこへ動かしたかが残っていれば、差異が出た際に原因の時点までさかのぼって調べられます。", "en": "Each record that changes inventory quantity or status, such as receipt, issue, transfer or adjustment; on-hand stock is their cumulative result.", "zh": "改变库存数量或状态的每一条记录，如入库、出库、移动、调整等，现有库存是其累积结果。" }, "related": [ "inventory-status", "inventory-transfer", "real-time-integration", "warehouse-receiving" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-transaction" }, { "id": "inventory-status", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫ステータス", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Status", "zh": "库存状态", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "在庫ステータスは、在庫が使用可能か、検査待ちか、保留か、不良かといった状態を示す区分です。同じ数量でもステータスによって引当や出荷に使えるかが変わるため、ステータスを品質システムや倉庫システムのどちらが変更し、どのシステムへ伝えるかを決めておく必要があります。", "en": "A classification showing whether stock is available, awaiting inspection, on hold or rejected, which determines whether it can be allocated.", "zh": "表示库存为可用、待检、冻结或不良等状态的区分，决定库存能否被分配使用。" }, "related": [ "qms", "inventory-reservation", "inventory-transaction" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-status" }, { "id": "inventory-reservation", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫引当", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Reservation", "zh": "库存预留", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "在庫引当は、受注や製造指示などの需要に対して、システム上で在庫を割り当てて他の用途に使えないようにする処理です。引当はERPで数量単位に行い、ロットや棚番地の特定はWMSやMESで行うという二段階の分担がよく見られ、どちらの引当を有効とするかが曖昧だと二重引当が起きます。", "en": "Assigning stock to demand such as sales or production orders in the system so it cannot be used elsewhere.", "zh": "在系统中将库存分配给订单或生产指示等需求，使其不能用于其他用途的处理。" }, "related": [ "soft-allocation", "hard-allocation", "shipment-allocation", "inventory-status" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-reservation" }, { "id": "soft-allocation", "type": "entry", "ja": "仮引当", "abbr": null, "en": "Soft Allocation", "zh": "预分配", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "仮引当は、需要に対して数量だけを暫定的に確保し、具体的なロットや保管場所はまだ決めない引当です。受注時点で納期回答を出すために使われ、確定前に取り消しや変更が起きうる前提の状態です。仮引当が残ったままになると、実在庫はあるのに使えない在庫が増えます。", "en": "A provisional reservation of quantity only, without fixing specific lots or locations; often used to confirm delivery dates.", "zh": "仅暂时确保数量、尚未确定具体批次或库位的分配，常用于答复交期。" }, "related": [ "hard-allocation", "inventory-reservation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/soft-allocation" }, { "id": "hard-allocation", "type": "entry", "ja": "本引当", "abbr": null, "en": "Hard Allocation", "zh": "正式分配", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "本引当は、出荷や製造の実行が確定した段階で、特定のロットや保管場所の在庫を確保する引当です。ピッキング指示の元になるため、通常は倉庫管理システムや製造実行システムの側で行われます。本引当後に在庫ステータスが変わった場合の扱いを決めておかないと、取り出せない在庫を指示することになります。", "en": "A firm reservation of stock in specific lots or locations once execution is confirmed, typically the basis for picking instructions.", "zh": "在发货或生产执行确定后，确保特定批次或库位库存的分配，通常作为拣货指示的依据。" }, "related": [ "soft-allocation", "inventory-reservation", "shipment-allocation" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/hard-allocation" }, { "id": "inventory-synchronization", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫の同期", "abbr": null, "en": "Inventory Synchronization", "zh": "库存同步", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "在庫の同期は、複数のシステムが持つ在庫情報を一致した状態に保つことです。トランザクションを都度送る方式と、定期的に残高を送って上書きする方式があり、前者は漏れ、後者は時点差による食い違いが起きやすい特徴があります。どちらの場合も、差異を検出して直す手順を別に持つ必要があります。", "en": "Keeping inventory information held by multiple systems consistent, either by sending each transaction or by periodically overwriting balances.", "zh": "使多个系统持有的库存信息保持一致，可逐笔传送事务或定期以余额覆盖。" }, "related": [ "system-of-record", "real-time-integration", "batch-integration", "inventory-reconciliation-between-systems" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-synchronization" }, { "id": "system-interface", "type": "entry", "ja": "インターフェース（システム間）", "abbr": null, "en": "System Interface", "zh": "系统接口", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "システム間のインターフェースは、異なるシステムがデータを受け渡すための取り決めと仕組みです。項目の定義、送る契機、エラー時の再送、受信側での確認方法までを含めて設計します。在庫連携では、送信側で記録したのに受信側で取り込まれなかった取引をどう見つけるかが最も重要な論点です。", "en": "The agreements and mechanisms by which different systems exchange data, including field definitions, triggers, retries and acknowledgment.", "zh": "不同系统之间交换数据的约定和机制，包括字段定义、触发时机、出错重发和确认方式。" }, "related": [ "batch-integration", "real-time-integration", "api-integration", "edi" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/system-interface" }, { "id": "batch-integration", "type": "entry", "ja": "バッチ連携", "abbr": null, "en": "Batch Integration", "zh": "批量接口", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "バッチ連携は、一定時間ごとや夜間などにデータをまとめて受け渡す連携方式です。仕組みが単純で負荷を管理しやすい一方、次の連携までの間は受信側の在庫が古い値のままになります。日中に在庫が大きく動く工場では、計画や引当がこの時間差を前提にしているかを確かめる必要があります。", "en": "An integration method that exchanges data in bulk at fixed intervals or overnight; simple but leaves the receiving side with stale values between runs.", "zh": "按固定时间间隔或在夜间成批交换数据的接口方式，简单但在两次传送之间接收方的数据会滞后。" }, "related": [ "real-time-integration", "system-interface", "inventory-synchronization" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/batch-integration" }, { "id": "real-time-integration", "type": "entry", "ja": "リアルタイム連携", "abbr": null, "en": "Real-Time Integration", "zh": "实时接口", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "リアルタイム連携は、取引が発生した時点でほぼ即座に相手システムへデータを送る連携方式です。在庫の鮮度は高まりますが、相手側の停止時に取引を保留・再送する仕組みがないと、送れなかった取引がそのまま失われます。速さより取りこぼしのなさを先に設計するのが要点です。", "en": "An integration method that sends data to the other system almost immediately when a transaction occurs; requires queuing and retry to avoid lost transactions.", "zh": "在交易发生时几乎即时向对方系统发送数据的接口方式，需要排队和重发机制以免丢失交易。" }, "related": [ "batch-integration", "api-integration", "inventory-synchronization" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/real-time-integration" }, { "id": "api-integration", "type": "entry", "ja": "API連携", "abbr": null, "en": "API Integration", "zh": "API集成", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "API連携は、システムが公開する呼び出し口を通じて、他のシステムがデータの照会や登録を行う連携方式です。在庫照会のように最新値を都度取りに行く用途に向きますが、在庫を更新する用途では、二重登録を防ぐ識別子や失敗時の再実行の扱いを決めておく必要があります。", "en": "Integration in which other systems query or register data through interfaces exposed by a system; suitable for on-demand inventory inquiries.", "zh": "通过系统公开的调用接口，由其他系统查询或登记数据的集成方式，适合按需查询库存。" }, "related": [ "real-time-integration", "system-interface", "data-integration-platform" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/api-integration" }, { "id": "edi", "type": "entry", "ja": "EDI", "abbr": "EDI", "en": "Electronic Data Interchange", "zh": "电子数据交换", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "EDIは、企業間で注文・出荷案内・請求などの取引データを、取り決めた形式で電子的に交換する仕組みです。製造業では内示や確定注文の受信、事前出荷明細の送受信に使われ、受け取った出荷明細を入荷予定として在庫システムに取り込むことで、入荷検品の照合が可能になります。", "en": "Electronic exchange of business documents such as orders, shipping notices and invoices between companies in agreed formats.", "zh": "企业之间以约定格式电子化交换订单、发货通知、发票等交易数据的机制。" }, "related": [ "system-interface", "receiving-inspection-logistics", "third-party-logistics", "gs1" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/edi" }, { "id": "data-integration-platform", "type": "entry", "ja": "データ連携基盤", "abbr": null, "en": "Data Integration Platform", "zh": "数据集成平台", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "データ連携基盤は、複数のシステム間のデータ受け渡しを1か所に集めて変換・配信・監視する仕組みです。個別のシステム同士を直接つなぐ構成に比べ、連携の失敗を一元的に検知しやすくなります。ただし基盤自体は在庫の正本ではないため、在庫の値を基盤側で加工しない設計が望まれます。", "en": "A mechanism that centralizes data exchange among systems for transformation, distribution and monitoring; it should not itself become the inventory record.", "zh": "将多个系统之间的数据交换集中于一处进行转换、分发和监控的机制，其本身不应成为库存正本。" }, "related": [ "system-interface", "api-integration", "master-data" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/data-integration-platform" }, { "id": "isa-95", "type": "entry", "ja": "ISA-95", "abbr": "ISA-95", "en": "ISA-95 (IEC 62264)", "zh": "ISA-95标准", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "ISA-95は、企業の業務システムと製造現場の制御システムを統合する際の用語・モデル・情報交換を定めた国際規格群です。国際規格としてはIEC 62264として採用されています。生産・品質・保全・在庫の4つのオペレーションを区別しており、在庫の移動や保管をERPとMESのどちらが扱うかを議論する共通言語として使われます。", "en": "A family of standards defining terms, models and information exchange for integrating enterprise systems with manufacturing control, adopted internationally as IEC 62264.", "zh": "规定企业业务系统与制造控制系统集成时的术语、模型和信息交换的标准群，国际上采用为IEC 62264。" }, "related": [ "isa-95-hierarchy-model", "b2mml", "mom", "system-boundary" ], "references": [ "ISA-95", "IEC 62264" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/isa-95" }, { "id": "isa-95-hierarchy-model", "type": "entry", "ja": "階層モデル（ISA-95）", "abbr": null, "en": "ISA-95 Hierarchy Model", "zh": "ISA-95层级模型", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "ISA-95の階層モデルは、製造に関わる機能をレベル0の物理プロセスからレベル4の経営計画・物流までの層に分けて整理するモデルです。在庫の議論では、レベル4のERPとレベル3の製造運営の間で何をやり取りするかが焦点となり、在庫の正本をどの層に置くかの検討の出発点になります。", "en": "A model that arranges manufacturing functions in levels from Level 0 physical processes to Level 4 business planning and logistics.", "zh": "将制造相关功能从第0层物理过程到第4层经营计划与物流分层整理的模型。" }, "related": [ "isa-95", "mom", "system-boundary" ], "references": [ "ISA-95", "IEC 62264" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/isa-95-hierarchy-model" }, { "id": "b2mml", "type": "entry", "ja": "B2MML", "abbr": "B2MML", "en": "Business To Manufacturing Markup Language", "zh": "企业到制造标记语言", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "B2MMLは、ISA-95の情報モデルをXML形式で表現したデータ定義で、業務システムと製造運営システムの間のメッセージ形式として使われます。資材や在庫の情報も定義されているため、ERPとMESの在庫連携の項目設計を一から考えずに済む参照モデルとして活用できます。", "en": "An XML implementation of the ISA-95 information models, used as a message format between enterprise and manufacturing operations systems.", "zh": "以XML形式表达ISA-95信息模型的数据定义，用作企业系统与制造运营系统之间的消息格式。" }, "related": [ "isa-95", "system-interface" ], "references": [ "ISA-95" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/b2mml" }, { "id": "system-boundary", "type": "entry", "ja": "システム境界", "abbr": null, "en": "System Boundary", "zh": "系统边界", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "システム境界は、ある業務やデータについて、どのシステムが責任を持ち、どこから先を別のシステムに任せるかの線引きです。在庫では、倉庫から払い出した部品や工程内の仕掛品が境界の上に乗りやすく、どちらのシステムでも管理されない在庫や、両方で管理される在庫が生まれる原因になります。", "en": "The line defining which system is responsible for a given process or data and where another system takes over.", "zh": "针对某项业务或数据，划定由哪个系统负责、从何处起交由其他系统负责的界线。" }, "related": [ "system-of-record", "dual-management", "line-side-inventory", "isa-95" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/system-boundary" }, { "id": "dual-management", "type": "entry", "ja": "二重管理", "abbr": null, "en": "Dual Management", "zh": "重复管理", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "二重管理は、同じ情報を複数のシステムや台帳で別々に入力・管理している状態です。現場の表計算ファイルと基幹システムの両方で在庫を持つ例が典型で、入力の手間が増えるだけでなく、どちらが正しいかを判断できない差異を生みます。正本を決め、もう一方を参照専用にすることが解消の基本です。", "en": "A state in which the same information is entered and maintained separately in multiple systems or ledgers.", "zh": "同一信息在多个系统或台账中分别输入和管理的状态，会产生无法判断孰对孰错的差异。" }, "related": [ "duplicate-inventory-holding", "system-of-record", "system-boundary", "cmms" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/dual-management" }, { "id": "duplicate-inventory-holding", "type": "entry", "ja": "在庫の二重持ち", "abbr": null, "en": "Double-Counted Inventory", "zh": "库存重复计入", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "在庫の二重持ちは、同じ現物が2つのシステムや2つの保管場所の在庫として同時に計上されている状態です。倉庫から払い出したのに倉庫側の減算が遅れ、工程側では受け入れ済みになっている場合などに起きます。全社在庫が実際より多く見えるため、発注や生産の判断を誤らせます。", "en": "A state in which the same physical stock is counted at the same time in two systems or two storage locations.", "zh": "同一实物同时被计入两个系统或两个保管场所库存的状态，会使全公司库存看起来多于实际。" }, "related": [ "dual-management", "inventory-transfer", "system-boundary" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/duplicate-inventory-holding" }, { "id": "production-data-collection", "type": "entry", "ja": "実績収集", "abbr": null, "en": "Production Data Collection", "zh": "实绩采集", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "実績収集は、生産数・不良数・使用部品・作業時間などの製造実績を、現場の端末や設備から取り込むことです。通常はMESが担い、完成数や部品消費数を在庫の増減としてERPに報告します。収集が遅れたり漏れたりすると、在庫の減算が実態より遅れ、帳簿上は余っている部品が現場では足りないという状況を招きます。", "en": "Capturing production results such as output, scrap, consumed parts and labor time from shop-floor terminals or equipment, usually by the MES.", "zh": "从现场终端或设备采集产量、不良数、使用零件、作业时间等制造实绩，通常由制造执行系统承担。" }, "related": [ "mes", "wip-posting", "real-time-integration" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/production-data-collection" }, { "id": "wip-posting", "type": "entry", "ja": "工程在庫の計上", "abbr": null, "en": "WIP Posting", "zh": "在制品入账", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "工程在庫の計上は、工程内にある仕掛品や半製品を、どの時点・どの単位で在庫として記録するかを決めて処理することです。MESでは工程単位で細かく持ち、ERPには製造指図単位の仕掛として集約して渡すのが一般的です。計上点の定義がシステム間で異なると、同じ仕掛品の数量が合いません。", "en": "Determining at what point and in what unit work-in-process is recorded as inventory, typically detailed in the MES and summarized per order in the ERP.", "zh": "确定工序内在制品以何时、何种单位作为库存记录并进行处理，通常在制造执行系统中细化、在企业资源计划系统中按订单汇总。" }, "related": [ "production-data-collection", "mes", "line-side-inventory", "system-boundary" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/wip-posting" }, { "id": "inventory-reconciliation-between-systems", "type": "entry", "ja": "システム間在庫照合", "abbr": null, "en": "Cross-System Inventory Reconciliation", "zh": "系统间库存核对", "category": "システム（ERP/MES/WMS）", "definition": { "ja": "システム間在庫照合は、ERP・WMS・MESや委託先の在庫報告など、複数の記録が持つ在庫数量を定期的に突き合わせ、差異を見つけて原因を調べる作業です。連携の漏れや時点差による差異を早期に発見できるため、実地棚卸を待たずに帳簿の精度を保つ手段として、日次や週次で行われます。", "en": "Periodically comparing inventory quantities held in multiple records, such as ERP, WMS, MES and outsourced warehouse reports, and investigating differences.", "zh": "定期核对企业资源计划、仓库管理、制造执行系统及外包仓库报告等多个记录中的库存数量，查找差异并调查原因的作业。" }, "related": [ "inventory-synchronization", "system-of-record", "external-warehouse" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/inventory-reconciliation-between-systems" }, { "id": "iso-9001", "type": "entry", "ja": "ISO 9001", "abbr": null, "en": "ISO 9001", "zh": "ISO 9001质量管理体系标准", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "ISO 9001は、組織の品質マネジメントシステムに対する要求事項を定めた国際規格です。在庫に関しては、製品や材料を識別し、検査状態がわかるようにし、保管中の劣化や取り違えを防ぐことが求められます。在庫ステータスやロットの管理を仕組みとして持つことが、審査での説明根拠になります。", "en": "The international standard specifying requirements for quality management systems, including identification, inspection status and preservation of products.", "zh": "规定组织质量管理体系要求的国际标准，包括产品标识、检验状态和保管防护等要求。" }, "related": [ "iatf-16949", "qms", "inventory-status" ], "references": [ "ISO 9001" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/iso-9001" }, { "id": "iatf-16949", "type": "entry", "ja": "IATF 16949", "abbr": null, "en": "IATF 16949", "zh": "IATF 16949汽车质量管理体系标准", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "IATF 16949は、自動車産業のサプライチェーン向けに、ISO 9001に追加の要求を加えた品質マネジメントシステムの規格です。在庫に関しては、先入れ先出しなどの在庫回転の管理、陳腐化品の検出、トレーサビリティの確保などがより具体的に求められ、自動車部品メーカーの在庫運用の基準になっています。", "en": "A quality management system standard for the automotive supply chain that adds requirements to ISO 9001, including stock rotation and traceability.", "zh": "面向汽车产业供应链、在ISO 9001基础上追加要求的质量管理体系标准，包括库存周转与可追溯性要求。" }, "related": [ "iso-9001", "qms" ], "references": [ "IATF 16949", "ISO 9001" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/iatf-16949" }, { "id": "gmp", "type": "entry", "ja": "GMP", "abbr": "GMP", "en": "Good Manufacturing Practice", "zh": "药品生产质量管理规范", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "GMPは、医薬品などを一定の品質で製造するために、製造所の構造設備や製造・品質管理の方法を定めた基準です。在庫に関しては、原料・資材・製品を試験判定前と合格後で区分して保管し、判定前の在庫を誤って使わない仕組みが求められます。在庫ステータスと保管場所の厳密な管理が中心になります。", "en": "Standards for manufacturing products such as pharmaceuticals with consistent quality, requiring materials to be segregated by quarantine and release status.", "zh": "为以稳定质量生产药品等而规定厂房设施及生产与质量管理方法的标准，要求按待检与放行状态区分保管物料。" }, "related": [ "gdp-pharma", "inventory-status", "qms" ], "references": [ "GMP" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gmp" }, { "id": "gdp-pharma", "type": "entry", "ja": "GDP（医薬品の適正流通）", "abbr": "GDP", "en": "Good Distribution Practice", "zh": "药品经营质量管理规范", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "GDPは、医薬品が製造所を出てから使用者に届くまでの保管・輸送の過程で品質を保つための基準です。温度管理の記録、偽造品の混入防止、保管場所の適格性などが求められ、物流センターや外部倉庫の在庫管理も対象になります。在庫の所在と保管条件の記録を一体で持つことが要点です。", "en": "Guidelines for maintaining the quality of medicines during storage and transport from manufacturer to user, including temperature records and anti-counterfeiting.", "zh": "在药品从生产厂到使用者的保管与运输过程中保持质量的规范，包括温度记录和防止假药混入等。" }, "related": [ "gmp", "external-warehouse", "distribution-center" ], "references": [ "GDP" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gdp-pharma" }, { "id": "haccp", "type": "entry", "ja": "HACCP", "abbr": "HACCP", "en": "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point", "zh": "危害分析与关键控制点", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "HACCPは、食品の製造工程で起こりうる危害を分析し、特に重要な管理点を定めて継続的に監視・記録する衛生管理の手法です。在庫に関しては、原材料の受入時の確認や保管温度、保管期限の管理が重要管理点に関わることがあり、記録の保存と在庫ロットとの結び付きが求められます。", "en": "A food safety method that analyzes hazards in production and sets critical control points to monitor and record continuously.", "zh": "分析食品生产过程中可能发生的危害，确定关键控制点并持续监控和记录的卫生管理方法。" }, "related": [ "food-traceability-regulation", "inventory-status" ], "references": [ "HACCP" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/haccp" }, { "id": "food-traceability-regulation", "type": "entry", "ja": "食品トレーサビリティ", "abbr": null, "en": "Food Traceability", "zh": "食品可追溯性", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "食品トレーサビリティは、食品とその原材料について、どこから受け入れ、どこへ出荷したかを記録し、問題発生時にさかのぼりと追跡ができるようにする取り組みです。法令で記録が義務付けられている品目もあり、入荷時と出荷時のロットを在庫の記録と結び付けておくことが基本になります。", "en": "Recording where food and its ingredients were received from and shipped to, so that they can be traced back and forward when problems occur.", "zh": "记录食品及其原料的来源和去向，以便发生问题时能够追溯和追踪的做法。" }, "related": [ "haccp", "gs1", "shipping-inspection" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/food-traceability-regulation" }, { "id": "jis-z-8141", "type": "entry", "ja": "JIS Z 8141", "abbr": null, "en": "JIS Z 8141 (Production Management Terms)", "zh": "JIS Z 8141生产管理用语", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "JIS Z 8141は、生産管理に関する用語とその意味を定めた日本産業規格です。在庫・発注・工程管理などの基本用語が収録されており、社内やシステム間で同じ言葉を違う意味で使っている場合に、定義をそろえる拠り所として参照されます。", "en": "The Japanese Industrial Standard defining production management terms, used as a reference to align definitions across departments and systems.", "zh": "规定生产管理相关用语及其含义的日本工业标准，可作为统一部门与系统间定义的依据。" }, "related": [ "master-data" ], "references": [ "JIS Z 8141" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/jis-z-8141" }, { "id": "gs1", "type": "entry", "ja": "GS1", "abbr": "GS1", "en": "GS1 Standards", "zh": "GS1标准", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "GS1は、商品・物流単位・事業所などを識別するコード体系と、それを表すバーコードや電子タグ、データ交換の標準を定める国際的な標準化団体と、その標準群です。企業間で同じ識別コードを使えるため、入荷検品や出荷の照合、トレーサビリティ情報のやり取りに使われます。", "en": "A global organization and its standards for identification codes for products, logistic units and locations, with related barcodes, tags and data exchange.", "zh": "规定商品、物流单元、地点等识别编码及其条码、电子标签和数据交换标准的国际组织及其标准群。" }, "related": [ "gtin", "sscc", "barcode", "edi" ], "references": [ "GS1 General Specifications" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gs1" }, { "id": "gtin", "type": "entry", "ja": "JAN／GTIN", "abbr": "GTIN", "en": "Global Trade Item Number", "zh": "全球贸易项目代码", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "GTINは、商品を世界で一意に識別するためのGS1の商品識別コードで、日本で広く使われるJANコードはその一種です。製造業では出荷単位や販売単位の識別に使われ、個・箱・ケースなど荷姿ごとに別のコードを振ることで、単位換算の誤りを防ぐ手がかりにもなります。", "en": "The GS1 identification number that uniquely identifies trade items worldwide; the JAN code widely used in Japan is one form of it.", "zh": "在全球范围内唯一识别商品的GS1商品识别代码，日本广泛使用的JAN码属于其一种。" }, "related": [ "gs1", "sscc", "barcode", "packing-style" ], "references": [ "GS1 General Specifications" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/gtin" }, { "id": "sscc", "type": "entry", "ja": "SSCC", "abbr": "SSCC", "en": "Serial Shipping Container Code", "zh": "系列货运包装箱代码", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "SSCCは、パレットやケースなどの物流単位を1つずつ一意に識別するためのGS1のコードです。出荷側が付けたSSCCを事前出荷明細と合わせて送ると、受け取り側はラベルを読むだけで中身の品目・数量・ロットを照合でき、入荷検品の手間と誤りを大きく減らせます。", "en": "A GS1 code that uniquely identifies each logistic unit such as a pallet or case, enabling receipt by scanning when combined with advance shipping notices.", "zh": "逐一唯一识别托盘或箱等物流单元的GS1代码，与预先发货通知结合可通过扫描完成验收。" }, "related": [ "gs1", "gtin", "pallet", "label-printing" ], "references": [ "GS1 General Specifications" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/sscc" }, { "id": "electronic-books-act", "type": "entry", "ja": "電子帳簿保存法", "abbr": null, "en": "Electronic Books Preservation Act (Japan)", "zh": "日本电子账簿保存法", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "電子帳簿保存法は、税法で保存が求められる帳簿や書類を電子データで保存する際の要件を定めた日本の法律です。棚卸表や受払記録を電子で保存する場合は、訂正や削除の履歴、検索できることなどの要件を満たす必要があり、在庫システムの記録の残し方にも影響します。", "en": "A Japanese law setting requirements for keeping tax-related books and documents as electronic data, which affects how inventory count sheets and records are retained.", "zh": "规定以电子数据保存税法要求的账簿和凭证时所需条件的日本法律，影响盘点表和收发记录的保存方式。" }, "related": [ "inventory-transaction" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/electronic-books-act" }, { "id": "subcontract-act", "type": "entry", "ja": "下請法", "abbr": null, "en": "Subcontract Act (Japan)", "zh": "日本转包法", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "下請法は、親事業者と下請事業者の取引を公正にするため、親事業者の義務や禁止行為を定めた日本の法律です。在庫に関しては、有償支給した材料の代金を早期に回収することや、受領拒否・返品の制限などが関わり、支給品や預け在庫の管理方法を決める際に考慮が必要です。", "en": "A Japanese law defining obligations and prohibited acts of principal companies toward subcontractors, relevant to supplied materials and consigned stock.", "zh": "为使发包方与承包方之间交易公正而规定发包方义务与禁止行为的日本法律，涉及支给材料和寄存库存的管理。" }, "related": [ "external-warehouse" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/subcontract-act" }, { "id": "rohs-reach", "type": "entry", "ja": "RoHS／REACH", "abbr": null, "en": "RoHS and REACH", "zh": "RoHS与REACH法规", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "RoHSとREACHは、欧州で電気電子機器の特定有害物質の使用や、化学物質の登録・評価・制限を定めた規制です。規制対象の変更により、適合確認前の部品在庫や旧仕様品の在庫が出荷に使えなくなることがあり、品目やロットに適合情報を持たせて在庫ステータスで区別する運用が求められます。", "en": "European regulations restricting hazardous substances in electrical equipment and governing chemical registration and restriction; they can make non-compliant stock unusable.", "zh": "欧洲关于限制电子电气设备中有害物质以及化学品注册、评估和限制的法规，可能使不合规库存无法使用。" }, "related": [ "inventory-status", "item-master" ], "references": [ "RoHS Directive", "REACH Regulation" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/rohs-reach" }, { "id": "export-control-classification", "type": "entry", "ja": "輸出管理（該非判定）", "abbr": null, "en": "Export Control Classification", "zh": "出口管制（物项归类判定）", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "該非判定は、輸出しようとする貨物や技術が、輸出管理の法令で規制される品目に該当するかどうかを判断することです。在庫に関しては、品目マスタに判定結果を持たせ、未判定や要許可の在庫が出荷引当されないようにする仕組みが求められます。仕様変更で判定が変わる点にも注意が必要です。", "en": "Determining whether goods or technology to be exported fall under items controlled by export regulations, often held as an attribute in the item master.", "zh": "判断拟出口的货物或技术是否属于出口管制法规所规定物项的工作，结果常作为物料主数据属性保存。" }, "related": [ "item-master", "shipment-allocation", "bonded-warehouse" ], "references": [], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/export-control-classification" }, { "id": "iso-28000", "type": "entry", "ja": "ISO 28000", "abbr": null, "en": "ISO 28000", "zh": "ISO 28000供应链安全管理体系标准", "category": "規格・規制", "definition": { "ja": "ISO 28000は、サプライチェーンにおけるセキュリティのマネジメントシステムに対する要求事項を定めた国際規格です。保管や輸送の過程での盗難・改ざん・不正な混入などのリスクを管理する枠組みであり、倉庫や物流センターの在庫の所在と出入りを記録で示せることが対応の基礎になります。", "en": "The international standard specifying requirements for security management systems in the supply chain, covering risks such as theft and tampering in storage and transport.", "zh": "规定供应链安全管理体系要求的国际标准，涵盖保管与运输中的盗窃、篡改等风险。" }, "related": [ "distribution-center", "external-warehouse" ], "references": [ "ISO 28000" ], "url": "https://inventoryax.com/terms/iso-28000" } ] }